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  • 2017

  • Mitamura, Chelsea; Erickson, Lynnsey; Devine, Patricia G. (2017): Value-Based Standards Guide Sexism Inferences for Self and Others. In: Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 72, S. 101-117. DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2017.04.006

    DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29230069 

    Abstract: People often disagree about what constitutes sexism, and these disagreements can be both socially and legally consequential. It is unclear, however, why or how people come to different conclusions about whether something or someone is sexist. Previous research on judgments about sexism has focused on the perceiver's gender and attitudes, but neither of these variables identifies comparative standards that people use to determine whether any given behavior (or person) is sexist. Extending Devine and colleagues' values framework (Devine, Monteith, Zuwerink, & Elliot, 1991; Plant & Devine, 1998), we argue that, when evaluating others' behavior, perceivers rely on the morally-prescriptive values that guide their own behavior toward women. In a series of 3 studies we demonstrate that (1) people's personal standards for sexism in their own and others' behavior are each related to their values regarding sexism, (2) these values predict how much behavioral evidence people need to infer sexism, and (3) people with stringent, but not lenient, value-based standards get angry and try to regulate a sexist perpetrator's behavior to reduce sexism. Furthermore, these personal values are related to all outcomes in the present work above and beyond other person characteristics previously used to predict sexism inferences. We discuss the implications of differing value-based standards for explaining and reconciling disputes over what constitutes sexist behavior.

    Keywords: FRAMEWORK, Geschlechterforschung, Inferences, science direct, Sexism, Sozialpsychologie, standards, VALUES

  • 2011

  • Mc Breen, John; Di Tosto, Gennaro; Dignum, Frank; Hofstede, Gert Jan (2011) : Linking Norms and Culture: 2011 Second International Conference on Culture and Computing (Culture Computing): 2011 Second International Conference on Culture and Computing (Culture Computing): Kyoto, Japan: 10/20/2011 - 10/22/2011: Kyoto, Japan: IEEE / Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Incorporated, S. 9-14

    Abstract: The goal of this paper is to propose a method of modelling the evolution of social norms in different cultural settings. We analyse the role of culture in shaping agents' normative reasoning and hence their behaviour. The general notion of 'value' is discussed from the perspective of the BDI framework as a means to represent cultural regularities in social interactions. Culture is described as a system of shared values, which are linked to the Hofstede dimensions of culture. This system is represented by so-called metanorms that define appropriate, culturally-varying, behaviour in different relational contexts. In this way culture affects the possibility of normative changes, in particular the acceptance of policies designed to issue new norms in a society. Throughout the paper a scenario related to the enactment of smoking ban policies in Europe is presented to discuss the evaluation of normative change in specific cultural settings.

    Keywords: BDI, culturally-varying, Culture, FRAMEWORK, Gert Jan Hofstede, Gesetze, Kultur, modelling, Normen, norms, rauchen, relational context, Smoking

  • 2000

  • Keil, Mark; Tan, Bernard C. Y.; Wei, Kwok-Kee; Saarinen, Timo; Tuunainen, Virpi; Wassenaar, Arjen (2000): A Cross-Cultural Study on Escalation of Commitment Behavior in Software Projects. In: MIS Quarterly 24 (2). DOI: 10.2307/3250940

    Abstract: One of the most challenging decisions that a manager must confront is whether to continue or abandon a troubled project. Published studies suggest that failing software projects are often allowed to continue for too long before appropriate management action is taken to discontinue or redirect the efforts. The level of sunk cost associated with such projects has been offered as one explanation for this escalation of commitment behavior. What prior studies fail to consider is how concepts from risk-taking theory (such as risk propensity and risk perception) affect decision makers' willingness to continue a project under conditions of sunk cost. To better understand factors that may cause decision makers to continue such projects, this study examines the level of sunk cost together with the risk propensity and risk perception of decision makers. These factors are assessed for cross-cultural robustness using matching laboratory experiments carried out in three cultures (Finland, the Netherlands, and Singapore). With a wider set of explanatory factors than prior studies, we could account fora higher amount of variance in decision makers' willingness to continue a project. The level of sunk cost and the risk perception of decision makers contributed significantly to their willingness to continue a project. Moreover, the risk propensity of decision makers was inversely related to risk perception. This inverse relationship was significantly stronger in Singapore (a low uncertainty avoidance culture) than in Finland and the Netherlands (high uncertainty avoidance cultures). These results reveal that some factors behind decision makers' willingness to continue a project am consistent across cultures while others may be culture-sensitive. Implications of these results for further research and practice are discussed.

    Keywords: Business Studies, culture sensitive, DE-ESCALATION, DETERMINANTS, Disziplin, Einfluss von wirtschaftlichen/finanziellen Konsequenzen, entscheiden, escalation of commitment behavior, FRAMEWORK, Information, INVOLVEMENT, Kultur, Kulturtheorie, Management, risk perception, risk propensity, Risk-Taking, software project management, STRUCTURAL EQUATION MODELS, sunk cost, SUNK COSTS
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