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  • 2017

  • Jiang, Bo; LaFree, Gary (2017): Social Control, Trade Openness and Human Trafficking. In: Journal of Quantitative Criminology 33 (4), S. 887-913. DOI: 10.1007/s10940-016-9316-7

    Abstract: Objective: Human trafficking has generated growing concern among both policy makers and researchers. However, research has been hampered by a lack of valid data and appropriate methods. Our study attempts to improve understanding of this issue by developing a macro-level social disorganization perspective which suggests that trade openness may be an important vector of human trafficking such that countries in transition between high and low levels are likely to face major challenges in controlling trafficking and will therefore be especially likely to experience high rates. Our analysis is based on United Nations panel data containing 163 time points for 43 countries from 2003 to 2008 where there is full information across the variables of interest. Methods: The study first relies on semi-parametric fixed effects regression estimators to determine the 'true' functional form of the relationship between trade openness and human trafficking. Next, we utilize random and fixed effects regression analysis and negative binomial regression analysis to assess the existence of an inverted U-relationship between trade openness and human trafficking. Results: Consistent with our theoretical prediction, the spline approximation of the relationship between trade openness and human trafficking rates exhibits a clear inverted-U. The random and fixed effects regression results support the same conclusion. The turning point is estimated to be 1.995 and two sensitivity analyses confirm this finding through a parametric and a nonparametric bootstrap method with replications. Finally, using negative binomial and fixed effects negative binomial regressions, we again confirm that there is an inverted-U relationship between trade openness and human trafficking counts. Conclusions: In line with a macro-level social disorganization perspective we argue that countries with relatively weak social control will have high rates of crime and deviance. We operationalize social control in terms of the openness of a country’s trade to the international community and as expected we find a curvilinear relationship between levels of trade openness and human trafficking. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved) zitiert von 3

    Keywords: commerce, Countries, Human Trafficking, Kriminologie, social control, Verhaltensforschung

  • 1993

  • Cox, B. (1993) : Communicating conceptual integrity in distributed systems through intelligent assistance: IEEE Colloquium on AI (Artificial Intelligence) in Enterprise Modelling: London, United Kingdom: IET, S. 4/1-4/3

    Abstract: Increased globalisation and de-regulation in the commercial environment has given rise to requirements for a new generation of software tools capable of supporting complex, dispersed inter-organisational projects and decision making. A major difficulty in designing such systems relates to the fact that the ultimate users of such tools are commonly from varying backgrounds, have different conceptualisations, frequently use different terms and have varying perceptions of the events, procedures and objects represented within the system. The design of online user assistance for such systems is frequently passive, responding only to requests from the user for help. The author highlights the need for interactive online assistance capable of functioning both in ’reactive’ and ’pro-active’ modes, with the system instigating interaction when necessary. In particular, it is, therefore, concerned with discussing the appropriate timing and content of the ’triggers’ necessary to proactive functioning. A set of design principles for an adaptive assistant which are derived from earlier work on intelligent tutoring system design are described (B. Cox et al., 1988, 1989).<>

    Keywords: adaptive assistant, administrative data processing, BUSINESS, commerce, commercial environment, conceptualisations, Data processing, Decision Making, design principles, dispersed inter-organisational projects, distributed computing, distributed processing, distributed systems, ieee xplore, intelligent assistance, Intelligent tutoring system, interactive online assistance, interactive systems, knowledge based systems, Künstliche Intelligenz, online user assistance, proactive functioning, software tools, timing, triggers, user interfaces
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