Alle Publikationen
2019
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(2019): Machine behaviour. In: Nature 568 (7753), S. 477-486. DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1138-y
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31019318 Abstract: Machines powered by artificial intelligence increasingly mediate our social, cultural, economic and political interactions. Understanding the behaviour of artificial intelligence systems is essential to our ability to control their actions, reap their benefits and minimize their harms. Here we argue that this necessitates a broad scientific research agenda to study machine behaviour that incorporates and expands upon the discipline of computer science and includes insights from across the sciences. We first outline a set of questions that are fundamental to this emerging field and then explore the technical, legal and institutional constraints on the study of machine behaviour.
2018
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(2018): Do a robot's social skills and its objection discourage interactants from switching the robot off?. In: PLoS one 13 (7). DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201581
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30063750 Abstract: Building on the notion that people respond to media as if they were real, switching off a robot which exhibits lifelike behavior implies an interesting situation. In an experimental lab study with a 2x2 between-subjects-design (N = 85), people were given the choice to switch off a robot with which they had just interacted. The style of the interaction was either social (mimicking human behavior) or functional (displaying machinelike behavior). Additionally, the robot either voiced an objection against being switched off or it remained silent. Results show that participants rather let the robot stay switched on when the robot objected. After the functional interaction, people evaluated the robot as less likeable, which in turn led to a reduced stress experience after the switching off situation. Furthermore, individuals hesitated longest when they had experienced a functional interaction in combination with an objecting robot. This unexpected result might be due to the fact that the impression people had formed based on the task-focused behavior of the robot conflicted with the emotional nature of the objection.
Keywords: Adolescent, Adult, Artificial intelligence, Attitude, Biomimetic Materials, Electrical Equipment and Supplies, Emotions/physiology, Female, Fortschritt, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Male, Mensch-Roboter-Interaktion, Motivation, Object Attachment, Robotics/instrumentation, Social Skills, User-Computer Interface, Young Adult -
(2018) : The model of moral motives: A map of the moral domain. In: Gray, Kurt James; Graham, Jesse (Hg.): Atlas of moral psychology: What do we evaluate when we evaluate moral character? - Helzer, Erik G.; Critcher, Clayton R.: New York, NY: The Guilford Press
Abstract: Motivation is fundamental to morality, which involves both an understanding of right and wrong—of what we should or should not do—and the activation or inhibition of these behaviors. The model of moral motives (MMM) has its roots in the most basic motivational processes recognized in psychology: approach and avoidance. The MMM crosses approach and avoidance processes with distinct levels of analysis reflecting the focus of one’s moral behavior: oneself (intrapersonal), another person (interpersonal), or the group (collective). As evident in this chapter, this produces six cells with unique moral motives, each reflecting how to be moral in that context. Our model explains these two innate processes that are generic from a psychological perspective and culturally uniform in their social function, with a special focus on how these processes manifest in different social contexts. However, it is important to clarify that our model does not try to explain the many ways in which c ultures elaborate on these basic processes. Learned cultural innovations, including everything from rituals and tradition, gossip and reputation, the rule of law, religion, governmental institutions, penal systems, leadership, and various forms of tribalism, are woven into moral behavior in different ways from culture to culture. These cultural elaborations on the two basic processes of moral behavior lead to unique societies that emphasize differing moral motives with differing levels of effectiveness. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved)
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(2018): "It's all about incentive": Social technology as a potential facilitator for self-determined physical activity participation for young people with physical disabilities. In: Developmental neurorehabilitation 21 (8), S. 521-530. DOI: 10.1080/17518423.2017.1370501
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17518423.2017.1370501 Abstract: PURPOSE To investigate the perceived role of social technologies in promoting physical activity participation for young people with physical disabilities and to identify design considerations that should be addressed when creating social technologies to promote physical activity. METHOD Interactive design workshops for young people with physical disabilities aged 12-18 (n = 8) were held. Data were analyzed using interpretive thematic analysis. RESULTS Young people perceived significant benefit for social technologies to promote physical activity as they have the potential to overcome many barriers to physical activity participation. Design features recommended by the participants included (1) options for diverse interests and preferences, (2) provision of informational support, (3) support through equitable technology design, (4) incentive through competition and play, and (5) opportunities to develop community. CONCLUSIONS Social technology has potential to provide tailored, equitable opportunities for social engagement and physical activity participation for young people with physical disabilities through needs- and preference-specific design.
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(2018) : Emotionen in Lern- und Leistungskontexten In: Spinath, Birgit; Dickhäuser, Oliver; Schöne, Claudia (Hg.): Psychologie der Motivation und Emotion: Grundlagen und Anwendung in ausgewählten Lern- und Arbeitskontexten: 1. Auflage: Göttingen: Hogrefe, S. 80-107
Abstract: Die Entstehung und Auswirkungen der in Lern- und Leistungskontexten auftretenden Emotionen werden aus der Perspektive der Allgemeinen Emotionspsychologie in den Blick genommen. Dabei soll herausgearbeitet werden, welche Aussagen über diese Emotionen sich bereits aus einer allgemeinpsychologischen Theorie der Emotionen ableiten lassen. Allgemeinpsychologische Theorien beanspruchen, für alle normal funktionierenden Erwachsenen in allen Lebensbereichen gültig zu sein. Dementsprechend lautet die Grundannahme bei der Anwendung einer allgemeinpsychologischen Emotionstheorie auf den Lern- und Leistungskontext, dass die dort auftretenden Emotionen von grundsätzlich derselben Art sind, nach denselben Gesetzmäßigkeiten entstehen und dieselben Auswirkungen haben wie Emotionen in anderen Lebensbereichen. Die im Hauptteil der Ausführungen beschriebene allgemeinpsychologische Analyse der Lern- und Leistungsemotionen wird anschließend mit den Annahmen einer neueren Emotionstheorie verglichen, die speziell für Lern- und Leistungsemotionen entwickelt worden ist, der "Kontroll-Wert-Theorie". Abschließend wird kurz auf die Messung von Lern- und Leistungsemotionen eingegangen.
2017
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(2017): Effects of reinforcement value on instruction following under schedules of negative reinforcement. In: Behavioural Processes 145, S. 27-30. DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2017.10.003
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28993244 Abstract: The effects of reinforcement value and social control on instruction following under a negative-reinforcement (escape) schedule were studied. Initially, responding produced timeouts from pressing a force cell under a low and a high force requirement on a fixed-ratio 1 schedule of reinforcement. Next, participants were reexposed to the low and high force requirements, but were instructed that the experimenter expected them to decrease the number of timeouts relative to the previous exposures to the procedure. Even though following the instruction led to a decrease in number of timeouts and to an increase in effort (i.e., was non-efficient), instruction following occurred consistently for each participant and was modulated by reinforcement value. That is, the decrease in the number of timeouts (i.e., instruction following) was lower under the high force requirement than under the low force requirement. These results replicate and extend previous findings that instructions interact with social and nonsocial contingencies in controlling human behavior.
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(2017): Motivated cognition and fairness. Insights, integration, and creating a path forward. In: The Journal of applied psychology 102 (6), S. 867-889. DOI: 10.1037/apl0000204
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28277729 Abstract: How do individuals form fairness perceptions? This question has been central to the fairness literature since its inception, sparking a plethora of theories and a burgeoning volume of research. To date, the answer to this question has been predicated on the assumption that fairness perceptions are subjective (i.e., "in the eye of the beholder"). This assumption is shared with motivated cognition approaches, which highlight the subjective nature of perceptions and the importance of viewing individuals arriving at those perceptions as active and motivated processors of information. Further, the motivated cognition literature has other key insights that have been less explicitly paralleled in the fairness literature, including how different goals (e.g., accuracy, directional) can influence how individuals process information and arrive at their perceptions. In this integrative conceptual review, we demonstrate how interpreting extant theory and research related to the formation of fairness perceptions through the lens of motivated cognition can deepen our understanding of fairness, including how individuals' goals and motivations can influence their subjective perceptions of fairness. We show how this approach can provide integration as well as generate new insights into fairness processes. We conclude by highlighting the implications that applying a motivated cognition perspective can have for the fairness literature and by providing a research agenda to guide the literature moving forward. (PsycINFO Database Record
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(2017) : Cultural and genetic influences on emotion: The role of motivational processes in gene-culture interactions. In: Church, A. T.: Culture and characteristic adaptations: Santa Barbara, California, USA: Praeger/ABC-CLIO, S. 35-59
Abstract: Imagine you have just arrived in a country you have never visited before. The language spoken is different from yours, and yet you find that you are able to communicate at least some of your sentiments with the local people. You can express your feelings of excitement, perhaps from being in an exotic environment, as well as your frustrations from getting a little lost. Through your facial expressions, gestures, and physiological responses—sweating palms, a racing heart, and rapid breathing—some of your basic emotions come across to the people you meet. Although the general meaning of certain emotions may be shared, are emotions experienced and expressed in the same way across cultures? How do biological factors, such as genetic and physiological processes, interact with social and cultural factors to influence emotions? In this chapter, we first review research on culture and emotional experience and expression. Next, we review the theoretical background for gene-cult ure inte raction research, and we put forward a novel hypothesis that considers the role of motivational processes in these interaction effects: the motivational setting hypothesis. We then discuss gene culture interaction research with cultural psychological findings in the area of emotion. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved)
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(2017): Communal and agentic interpersonal and intergroup motives predict preferences for status versus power. In: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 43 (1), S. 71-86
Abstract: Seven studies involving 1,343 participants showed how circumplex models of social motives can help explain individual differences in preferences for status (having others' admiration) versus power (controlling valuable resources). Studies 1 to 3 and 7 concerned interpersonal motives in workplace contexts, and found that stronger communal motives (to have mutual trust, support, and cooperation) predicted being more attracted to status (but not power) and achieving more workplace status, while stronger agentic motives (to be firm, decisive, and influential) predicted being more attracted to and achieving more workplace power, and experiencing a stronger connection between workplace power and job satisfaction. Studies 4 to 6 found similar effects for intergroup motives: Stronger communal motives predicted wanting one's ingroup (e.g., country) to have status but not power relative to other groups. Finally, most people preferred status over power, and this was especially true for women, which was partially explained by women having stronger communal motives.
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(2017) : Entwicklung des moralischen Urteils und der moralischen Motivation In: Sautermeister, Jochen; Ethik, Münchner Kompetenz Zentrum (Hg.): Moralpsychologie: Transdisziplinäre Perspektiven: Stuttgart: Kohlhammer Verlag (Ethik im Diskurs), S. 108-124
Abstract: Die Entwicklung des moralischen Urteils und der moralischen Motivation wird zusammenfassend dargestellt. Im Einzelnen betreffen die Ausführungen folgende Aspekte: das kindliche Moralverständnis, moralisches Wissen, moralische Motivation, auf die Moral bezogene Lernprozesse, die Entwicklung moralischer Motivation, die Entwicklung kognitiver Strukturen, die soziokognitive Strukturentwicklung, das Zusammenspiel von Motivation und Urteil (moralische Sensibilität, moralische Haltung), moralpsychologische Forschungsdesiderate. Es wird aufgezeigt, dass nach der neueren Forschung Kohlbergs Theorie Dimensionen bündelt, die unabhängig voneinander variieren können - moralisches Wissen und moralische Motivation, Entwicklung kognitiver und soziokognitiver Denkstrukturen, bereichsspezifische Wissenssysteme. Bereits Kinder wissen früh um die kategorische Sollgeltung moralischer Normen. Moralische Motivation, ein intrinsisches, formal-urteilbezogenes "second-order desire", entwickelt sich aber erst verzögert. Sie nimmt dann im Durchschnitt stetig zu, wobei allerdings individuelle Verläufe - auch in Abhängigkeit von der Identifikation mit herrschenden Geschlechtsstereotypen - erheblich variieren. Differenzierte moralische Urteilsbildung erfordert die Entwicklung kognitiver und soziokognitiver Strukturen sowie die Bereitschaft zu moralischem Selbstmanagement, also die Bereitschaft, automatisch und unbewusst ablaufende Prozesse vorurteilsgesteuerter Wahrnehmung durch bewusst eingesetzte Gegenstrategien zu kontrollieren.
Keywords: Childhood Development, Development, Judgment, Moral, Moral Development, Morality, Motivation, Social Cognition -
(2017): Habit in Personality and Social Psychology. In: Personality and social psychology review : an official journal of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Inc 21 (4), S. 389-403. DOI: 10.1177/1088868317720362
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28737111 Abstract: Habits are largely absent from modern social and personality psychology. This is due to outdated perspectives that placed habits in conflict with goals. In modern theorizing, habits are represented in memory as implicit context-response associations, and they guide responding in conjunction with goals. Habits thus have important implications for our field. Emerging research shows that habits are an important mechanism by which people self-regulate and achieve long-term goals. Also, habits change through specific interventions, such as changes in context cues. I speculate that understanding of habits also holds promise for reducing intergroup discrimination and for understanding lay theories of the causes for action. In short, by recognizing habit, the field gains understanding of a central mechanism by which actions persist in daily life. zitiert von 6
2016
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(2016): The conceptual link between social desirability and cultural normativity. In: International journal of psychology : Journal international de psychologie 51 (6), S. 474-480. DOI: 10.1002/ijop.12261
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26914819 Abstract: Psychologists have a recurrent concern that socially desirable responding (SDR) is a form of response distortion that compromises the validity of self-report measures, especially in high-stakes situations where participants are motivated to make a good impression. Psychologists have used various strategies to minimise SDR or its impact, for example, forced choice responding, ipsatization, and direct measures of social desirability. However, empirical evidence suggests that SDR is a robust phenomenon existing in many cultures and a substantive variable with meaningful associations with other psychological variables and outcomes. Here, we review evidence of the occurrence of SDR across cultures and tie SDR to the study of cultural normativity and cultural consonance in anthropology. We suggest that cultural normativity is an important component of SDR, which may partly explain the adaptiveness of SDR and its association with positive outcomes.
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(2016) : Das Bedürfnis nach Kontrolle als soziale Motivation In: Bierhoff, Hans-Werner; Frey, Dieter (Hg.): Soziale Motive und soziale Einstellungen: 1. Auflage: Göttingen: Hogrefe (Enzyklopädie der Psychologie. Themenbereich C, Theorie und Forschung. Serie VI, Sozialpsychologie), S. 53-86
Abstract: Ein Überblick über die Forschung zu den Bedingungen und Auswirkungen von Kontrolle und deren motivationalen Grundlagen wird gegeben. Zunächst wird geklärt, was (Sozial-)Psychologinnen und (Sozial-)Psychologen von Kontrolle sprechen. Dann wird die Frage diskutiert, ob es sich beim Streben nach Kontrolle um ein menschliches Grundmotiv handelt. Die Auswirkungen wahrgenommener Kontrolle auf menschliches Denken, Fühlen und Handeln werden besprochen, und es wird erörtert, wie Menschen mit wahrgenommenem Kontrollmangel umgehen (etwa soziale Verteidigungsreaktionen wie gruppenbasierte oder kompensatorische Kontrolle). Abschließend wird - über den Rahmen klassischer Theorien und Befunde hinausgehend - gezeigt, dass Kontrollprozesse in ganz unterschiedlichen Bereichen der Sozialpsychologie von Bedeutung sind. Insbesondere geht es hierbei um die Transaktionen zwischen Individuen und ihrer physikalischen sowie ihrer sozialen Umwelt, wobei letztere an sich durch Kontrollbeziehungen (soziale Macht) gekennzeichnet ist und gleichzeitig die Grundlage für soziale Koordination und Kooperation und somit Prozesse kollektiver Kontrolle ("collective action") bildet.
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(2016): Vom Umgang mit eigenen und fremden Machten in der Fuhrung
Abstract: Erganzend zur emotionalen Kompetenz wird der Begriff der Machtkompetenz als eine aktuelle Anforderung an Fuhrungskrafte eingefuhrt und entwickelt. Machtkompetenz wird gerade in bewegten Zeiten fur besonders notwendig erachtet. Sechs Konzepte aus der einschlagigen Literatur zum Thema Macht werden vorgestellt als Hilfestellung fur die Reflexion des Themas im Kontext von Fuhrungskrafte-Coachings: (1) Motivstrukturen von Fuhrungskraften, (2) Entwicklungsstadien des Machtmotivs, (3) personliche Glaubenssatze, (4) vier Machtverhaltensstile, (5) subjektive Machtbasen, (6) genderspezifische Aspekte.
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(2016): Digital Social Norm Enforcement. Online Firestorms in Social Media. In: PLoS one 11 (6). DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155923
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27315071 Abstract: Actors of public interest today have to fear the adverse impact that stems from social media platforms. Any controversial behavior may promptly trigger temporal, but potentially devastating storms of emotional and aggressive outrage, so called online firestorms. Popular targets of online firestorms are companies, politicians, celebrities, media, academics and many more. This article introduces social norm theory to understand online aggression in a social-political online setting, challenging the popular assumption that online anonymity is one of the principle factors that promotes aggression. We underpin this social norm view by analyzing a major social media platform concerned with public affairs over a period of three years entailing 532,197 comments on 1,612 online petitions. Results show that in the context of online firestorms, non-anonymous individuals are more aggressive compared to anonymous individuals. This effect is reinforced if selective incentives are present and if aggressors are intrinsically motivated.
Keywords: Aggression/psychology, Anonymität, Beeinflussung sozial angemessenen Verhaltens, Crime/legislation & jurisprudence, Digital Norms, Disziplin, Favoriten, Firestorms, Good manners, Humans, Internet/legislation & jurisprudence, Mensch-Technik-Relationen (MTR), Modelle/Theorien, Motivation, Natur & Genese von Normen, Normen, Observablen/Kriterien für sozial angemessenes Verhalten und dessen Bewertung, Politics, Social Media/legislation & jurisprudence, Social Norm Theory, Social Norms, Social Norms Marketing, Social Theory, Soziale Angemessenheit, Soziale Normen, Soziologie, Technik 2015
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(2015): Stress game: The role of motivational robotic assistance in reducing user’s task stress. In: International Journal of Social Robotics 7 (2), S. 227-240. DOI: 10.1007/s12369-014-0256-9
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0256-9 Abstract: In social HRI context, the robot’s usefulness and appropriate behavior plays an important role. A robot should be able to understand the human’s internal state (i.e., physiological and psychological states) so as to provide an adaptive and thus efficient assistance within daily life activities. Measuring stress and frustration of an individual while performing a certain task is a critical element that can help the robot adapt its behavior so as to improve user’s interest and task performance and to reduce his/her frustration. In this paper, we designed an experiment called ’Stress Game’. In our work, stress is measured in terms of heart rate signal. The robot displays different behaviors as a function of user’s personality and game condition. We conducted our experiments with the NAO robot. The experimental results support our hypotheses that the robot has a positive effect on stress relief. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved)
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(2015): Being modest makes you feel bad. Effects of the modesty norm and mortality salience on self-esteem in a collectivistic culture. In: Scandinavian journal of psychology 56 (1), S. 86-98. DOI: 10.1111/sjop.12175
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25346396 Abstract: Terror management research shows that existential terror motivates people to live up to social norms. According to terror management theory (TMT), people can achieve a sense of self-worth through compliance with social norms. However, this has not yet been empirically tested. Modesty has long been known as an important social norm in Eastern cultures, such as China, Japan, and Korea. The current research examined whether conforming to the modesty norm in response to reminders of death concerns increases self-esteem for Chinese. In Study 1, following the modesty norm (i.e., explicit self-effacement) led to decreased implicit self-esteem, however, this was only the case if mortality was salient. In Study 2, violating the modesty norm (i.e., explicit self-enhancement) increased implicit self-esteem - however - again, this was only the case when mortality was salient. These findings indicate that self-esteem cannot be maintained through compliance with the modesty norm. Implications of this research for understanding the interplay between self-esteem and social norms in terror management processes are discussed.
Keywords: Adolescent, China, Culture, Emotions, Female, Humans, Male, Motivation, Normen, Psychological Theory, Self Concept, Social Behavior, Verhaltensforschung, Young Adult -
(2015): Hostile sexism (de)motivates women's social competition intentions. The contradictory role of emotions. In: The British journal of social psychology 54 (3), S. 483-499. DOI: 10.1111/bjso.12100
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/bjso.12100 Abstract: In the present research, we examine the ways in which exposure to hostile sexism influences women's competitive collective action intentions. Prior to testing our main model, our first study experimentally induced high versus low levels of security-comfort with the aim of providing experimental evidence for the proposed causal link between these emotions and intentions to engage in social competition. Results showed that lower levels of security-comfort reduced women's readiness to compete socially with men. Experiment 2 investigated the effect of hostile sexism on women's emotional reactions and readiness to engage in social competition. Consistent with the proposed model, results showed that exposure to hostile beliefs about women (1) increased anger-frustration and (2) decreased security-comfort. More specifically, exposure to hostile sexism had a positive indirect effect on social competition intentions through anger-frustration, and a negative indirect effect through security-comfort.
2014
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(2014): Adolescent-specific patterns of behavior and neural activity during social reinforcement learning. In: Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience 14 (2), S. 683-697. DOI: 10.3758/s13415-014-0257-z
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24550063 Abstract: Humans are sophisticated social beings. Social cues from others are exceptionally salient, particularly during adolescence. Understanding how adolescents interpret and learn from variable social signals can provide insight into the observed shift in social sensitivity during this period. The present study tested 120 participants between the ages of 8 and 25 years on a social reinforcement learning task where the probability of receiving positive social feedback was parametrically manipulated. Seventy-eight of these participants completed the task during fMRI scanning. Modeling trial-by-trial learning, children and adults showed higher positive learning rates than did adolescents, suggesting that adolescents demonstrated less differentiation in their reaction times for peers who provided more positive feedback. Forming expectations about receiving positive social reinforcement correlated with neural activity within the medial prefrontal cortex and ventral striatum across age. Adolescents, unlike children and adults, showed greater insular activity during positive prediction error learning and increased activity in the supplementary motor cortex and the putamen when receiving positive social feedback regardless of the expected outcome, suggesting that peer approval may motivate adolescents toward action. While different amounts of positive social reinforcement enhanced learning in children and adults, all positive social reinforcement equally motivated adolescents. Together, these findings indicate that sensitivity to peer approval during adolescence goes beyond simple reinforcement theory accounts and suggest possible explanations for how peers may motivate adolescent behavior. zitiert von 59
Keywords: Adolescent, Adolescent Behavior, Adult, Age Factors, Brain Mapping, Brain/blood supply/physiology, Child, Cues, Female, Gruppenverhalten, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Lerntheorien, Male, Motivation, Neuropsychological Tests, Oxygen/blood, Photic Stimulation, Reinforcement, Reinforcement, Social, Sex Factors, Verhaltensforschung, Young Adult -
(2014): Examining gender differences in received, provided, and invisible social control. An application of the dual-effects model. In: Anxiety, stress, and coping 27 (6), S. 678-694. DOI: 10.1080/10615806.2014.892585
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24517507 Abstract: The dual-effects model of social control not only assumes that social control leads to better health practices but also arouses psychological distress. However, findings are inconsistent. The present study advances the current literature by examining social control from a dyadic perspective in the context of smoking. In addition, the study examines whether control, continuous smoking abstinence, and affect are differentially related for men and women. Before and three weeks after a self-set quit attempt, we examined 106 smokers (77 men, mean age: 40.67, average number of cigarettes smoked per day: 16.59 [SD=8.52, range=1-40] at baseline and 5.27 [SD=6.97, range=0-40] at follow-up) and their nonsmoking heterosexual partners, assessing received and provided control, continuous abstinence, and affect. With regard to smoker's affective reactions, partner's provided control was related to an increase in positive and to a decrease in negative affect, but only for female smokers. Moreover, the greater the discrepancy between smoker received and partner's provided control was the more positive affect increased and the more negative affect decreased, but again only for female smokers. These findings demonstrate that female smokers' well-being was raised over time if they were not aware of the control attempts of their nonsmoking partners, indicating positive effects of invisible social control. This study's results emphasize the importance of applying a dyadic perspective and taking gender differences in the dual-effects model of social control into account. zitiert von 7
Keywords: Adult, Affect, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Geschlechterforschung, Gesundheit, Health Behavior, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Middle Aged, Models, Psychological, Motivation, Sex Factors, Sexual Partners/psychology, Smoking Cessation/psychology, Smoking/psychology, social control, Social Control, Informal/methods, Switzerland, Verhaltensforschung, Young Adult -
(2014): The role of age and motivation for the experience of social acceptance and rejection. In: Developmental Psychology 50 (7), S. 1943-1950. DOI: 10.1037/a0036979
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24842461 Abstract: A study with n = 55 younger (18-33 years, M = 23.67) and n = 58 older (61-85 years, M = 71.44) adults investigated age-related differences in social approach and avoidance motivation and their consequences for the experience of social interactions. Results confirmed the hypothesis that a predominant habitual approach motivation in younger adults shifts toward a stronger avoidance motivation in older adults. Moreover, age and momentary motivation predicted the experience of an actual social interaction. Younger adults reported stronger negative emotions in a rejection situation when striving to approach acceptance rather than avoid rejection. Conversely, older adults reported fewer positive emotions in a rejection situation when they attempted to avoid rejection rather than approach acceptance. Taken together, the present study demonstrates that the same motivation has different consequences for the experience of potentially threatening social situations in younger and older adults. People seem to react emotionally when the achievement of important developmental goals (approaching others in young adulthood, avoiding negative social interactions in older adulthood) is thwarted. Moreover, results suggest that approach and avoidance motivation play an important role for socioemotional development.
Keywords: 80 and over, Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Aged, Alter, Analysis of Variance, Female, Galvanic Skin Response, Gerontologie, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Male, Middle Aged, Motivation, physiology, PSYCHOLOGY, Self Report, Social Distance, Social Support, Sozialpsychologie, Young Adult -
(2014): Gerechtigkeitsurteile und Konflikte. Warum Menschen unfaire Informationen bevorzugen. In: Konfliktdynamik 3 (1), S. 8-17
Abstract: Grunde fur die Bevorzugung unfairer Informationen in Konflikten werden reflektiert. Nach einem Einblick in Prozesse der fairessrelevanten Informationssuche in Konfliktsituationen werden basierend auf der Theorie der kognitiven Dissonanz und der Fairness-Heuristik-Theorie Bewertungsprozesse erlautert. Anhand empirischer Befunde wird die Praferenz von Informationen verdeutlicht, die eine unfaire Wahrnehmung unterstutzen. Als Ursache fur diese Praferenz wird die unterschiedliche Glaubwurdigkeit von als fair und als unfair wahrgenommenen Informationen diskutiert, aus der diefolgende Hypothese abgeleitet wird: Wahrend wahrgenommene Fairness als zweifelhaft beurtielt wird wird und somit eine vertiefende der Informationssuche hervorruft, wird Unfairnessempfinden als so uberzeugend wahrgenommen, dass es zur Bestatigung des ersten Eindrucks motiviert. Die Bedeutung dieser Prozesse fur die Vermittlung von positiven Fairnessinformationen in Konfliktsituationen und fur die Konfliktlosung wird verdeutlicht. Source: 978-3-642-19034-6
2012
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(2012): Mindset theory of action phases
Abstract: Mindset theory of action phases is based on the distinction between motivation and volition as proposed by the Rubicon model which claims that prior to crossing the Rubicon (i.e., making a goal decision) motivational principles apply whereas thereafter volitional principles set in. The latter are concerned with goal implementation, whereas the former relate to the choosing of goals. Mindset theory of action phases proposes that different cognitive procedures are activated when people tackle the task of choosing goals versus implementing them. The respective task demands determine the features that characterize the deliberative versus implemental mindset. These pertain to what type of information is preferably processed and how it is analyzed. Mindset research has produced findings that not only support the motivation versus volition distinction but also, enlighten various debates and theories in social psychology (e.g., optimism versus realism debate, dual process theories, goal theory). Mindset theory of action phases has also spurred research on effective planning by pointing to implementation intentions (i.e., if-then plans). This research has had much applied impact. When it was linked up to research on strategies of motivationally smart goal setting (i.e., mental contrasting), it initiated the development of a time- and cost-effective behavior change intervention. zitiert von 143
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(2012): Regelbefolgung - Ein Modell der Einflussgrossen. In: ZVS Zeitschrift fur Verkehrssicherheit 58 (2), S. 62-67
Abstract: Wahrend Regelbefolgung und Regelubertretung im Strassenverkehr meist als abhangig vom Grad der Uberwachung gesehen werden, wird im vorliegenden Beitrag auch der Bedeutung von Uberzeugungen der Verkehrsteilnehmer und von situativen Faktoren nachgegangen. Die Autoren fassen psychologische und verkehrswissenschaftliche Erkenntnisse und Theorien in einem Wirkmodell der Regelbefolgung zusammen, welches das Zusammenwirken unterschiedlicher Einflussgrossen berucksichtigt und damit eine Grundlage fur nachhaltig wirksame Interventionen zur Verbesserung der Regelbefolgung bildet. zitiert von 5
2011
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(2011): Coordination in Human and Primate Groups. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Abstract: Examines and describes small group coordination. The authors formulate an overview of the basic group challenge (group task) of coordination and describe how the context of the group task regulates the group's functions (effectiveness criteria) for achieving the task. Varying facets of the coordination challenge (coordination entities, mechanisms, dynamics, and levels) are explored. Finally, an inclusive functions-entities-mechanisms-patterns (FEMP) model of group coordination is presented. zitiert von 22