Alle Publikationen
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2020
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(2020): Individuation in light of notions of form and information. Volume II: Supplemental Texts. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press (Posthumanities)
Abstract: "A long-awaited translation on the philosophical relation between technology, the individual, and milieu of the living"--
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(2020): Individuation in light of notions of form and information. Volume I. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press (Posthumanities)
Abstract: "A long-awaited translation on the philosophical relation between technology, the individual, and milieu of the living"--
2017
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(2017): Implicit moral evaluations. A multinomial modeling approach. In: Cognition 158, S. 224-241. DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2016.10.013
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27865113 Abstract: Implicit moral evaluations-i.e., immediate, unintentional assessments of the wrongness of actions or persons-play a central role in supporting moral behavior in everyday life. Yet little research has employed methods that rigorously measure individual differences in implicit moral evaluations. In five experiments, we develop a new sequential priming measure-the Moral Categorization Task-and a multinomial model that decomposes judgment on this task into multiple component processes. These include implicit moral evaluations of moral transgression primes (Unintentional Judgment), accurate moral judgments about target actions (Intentional Judgment), and a directional tendency to judge actions as morally wrong (Response Bias). Speeded response deadlines reduced Intentional Judgment but not Unintentional Judgment (Experiment 1). Unintentional Judgment was stronger toward moral transgression primes than non-moral negative primes (Experiments 2-4). Intentional Judgment was associated with increased error-related negativity, a neurophysiological indicator of behavioral control (Experiment 4). Finally, people who voted for an anti-gay marriage amendment had stronger Unintentional Judgment toward gay marriage primes (Experiment 5). Across Experiments 1-4, implicit moral evaluations converged with moral personality: Unintentional Judgment about wrong primes, but not negative primes, was negatively associated with psychopathic tendencies and positively associated with moral identity and guilt proneness. Theoretical and practical applications of formal modeling for moral psychology are discussed.
Keywords: Adult, Cerebral Cortex/physiology, Cognition/physiology, Electroencephalography, Evoked Potentials, Female, Guilt, Humans, Individuality, Intention, Judgment/physiology, Kognitionswissenschaften, Male, Middle Aged, Models, Psychological, Moral, Morals, Neuropsychological Tests, Personality, Personality Assessment, science direct, Shame, Social Perception -
(2017): Effects of context and individual differences on the processing of taboo words. In: Acta psychologica 178, S. 73-86. DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2017.05.012
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28618300 Abstract: Previous studies suggest that taboo words are special in regards to language processing. Findings from the studies have led to the formation of two theories, global resource theory and binding theory, of taboo word processing. The current study investigates how readers process taboo words embedded in sentences during silent reading. In two experiments, measures collected include eye movement data, accuracy and reaction time measures for recalling probe words within the sentences, and individual differences in likelihood of being offended by taboo words. Although certain aspects of the results support both theories, as the likelihood of a person being offended by a taboo word influenced some measures, neither theory sufficiently predicts or describes the effects observed. The results are interpreted as evidence that processing effects ascribed to taboo words are largely, but not completely, attributable to the context in which they are used and the individual attitudes of the people who hear/read them. The results also demonstrate the importance of investigating taboo words in naturalistic language processing paradigms. A revised theory of taboo word processing is proposed that incorporates both global resource theory and binding theory along with the sociolinguistic factors and individual differences that largely drive the effects observed here.
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(2017): Moral foundations tell us why guilt induces unfair allocation in multi-party interactions. In: Asian Journal of Social Psychology 20 (3-4), S. 191-200. DOI: 10.1111/ajsp.12170
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/ajsp.12170 Abstract: Previous studies have demonstrated that a sense of guilt promotes and maintains social fairness in two‐party interactions (Psychological Bulletin, 115, 1994 and 243). However, the situation is much more complex in three‐party or multi‐party interactions. De Hooge et al. (Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 100, 2011 and 462) found that guilt could not only induce pro‐social behaviour towards the victim, but also have a disadvantageous impact on a third party. In the present study, we attempt to explain how guilt promotes unfair allocations from a moral foundations perspective. We conducted two experiments using a ‘three‐party dictator game’ paradigm. Firstly, it was repeatedly verified that guilt could induce unfair allocations in three‐party interactions. Secondly, five moral foundations (harm, fairness, ingroup, hierarchy and purity) were measured. Then the moderating and main effects of these five indices on how guilt affects the fair allocati on of re sources were explored using regression analysis. The results show that competition between harm and fairness in individual traits can explain the disadvantageous effect of guilt on fair allocations: the fairness foundation promoted equality in allocation, while the harm foundation promoted victim compensation. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved)
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(2017): Individual Differences in Good Manners Rather Than Compassion Predict Fair Allocations of Wealth in the Dictator Game. In: Journal of personality 85 (2), S. 244-256. DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12237
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26691600 Abstract: One of the most common tools for studying pro-sociality is the dictator game, in which allocations to one's partner are often described in terms of altruism. However, the motivations driving these allocations may represent either emotional concern for others (compassion), adherence to social norms regarding fairness (politeness), or both. In this article, we apply personality psychology to the study of behavior in the dictator game, in which we examine the discriminant validity of distinct pro-social constructs from the Big Five and HEXACO models in relation to allocations of wealth. Across four studies (Study 1: N = 192; Study 2: N = 212; Study 3: N = 304; Study 4: N = 90) utilizing both hypothetical and incentivized designs, we found that the politeness-but not compassion-aspect of Big Five Agreeableness, as well as HEXACO Honesty-Humility, uniquely predicted dictator allocations within their respective personality models. These findings contribute to a growing literature indicating that the standard dictator game measures "good manners" or adherence to norms concerning fairness, rather than pure emotional concern or compassionate motives, and have important implications for how this paradigm is used and interpreted in psychological research.
Keywords: Adolescent, Adult, Dictator Game, Disziplin, Empathy/physiology, Entwicklungspsychologie, Female, Games, Experimental, Good manners, HEXACO, Humans, Individuality, Male, Middle Aged, Personality/physiology, Postkasten, Psychologie, Social Behavior, Social Conformity, Soziale Angemessenheit, Spieltheorie, Umgangsformen, Young Adult 2016
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(2016): Power in everyday life. In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 113 (36), S. 10043-10048. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1604820113
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27551069 Abstract: How does power manifest itself in everyday life? Using experience-sampling methodology, we investigated the prevalence, sources, and correlates of power in people's natural environments. Participants experienced power-relevant situations regularly, though not frequently. High power was not restricted to a limited few: almost half of the sample reported experiencing high-power positions. Positional power and subjective feelings of power were strongly related but had unique relations with several individual difference measures and independent effects on participants' affect, cognition, and interpersonal relations. Subjective feelings of power resulted more from within-participant situational fluctuation, such as the social roles participants held at different times, than from stable differences between people. Our data supported some theoretical predictions about power's effects on affect, cognition, and interpersonal relations, but qualified others, particularly highlighting the role of responsibility in power's effects. Although the power literature has focused on high power, we found stronger effects of low power than high power.
2015
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(2015): Empathy development in adolescence predicts social competencies in adulthood. In: Journal of personality 83 (2), S. 229-241. DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12098
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24684661 Abstract: This 23-year study explored the predictive associations between empathy development in adolescence and self-reported social competencies and outcomes in adulthood. Participants were 1,527 adults aged 35 years (48.3% female). The predictor variable (adolescent empathy) was measured yearly at the ages of 12 to 16 years. The outcome variables (adult empathy, communication skills, social integration, relationship satisfaction, and conflicts in relationships) were measured at the age of 35 years. Five important results stand out. First, longitudinal measurement invariance was established for the measure of adolescent empathy. Second, empathy tended to increase during the adolescent years. Third, significant interindividual differences in level and change of adolescent empathy were found. Fourth, gender was related to level of adolescent empathy, favoring girls over boys. Fifth, not only level but also change in adolescent empathy predicted individual differences in social competencies in adulthood two decades later. These findings demonstrate that developmental processes that are relevant for adjustment reveal long-term social consequences beyond the adolescent years. zitiert von 60
2010
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(2010): The others. Universals and cultural specificities in the perception of status and dominance from nonverbal behavior. In: Consciousness and cognition 19 (3), S. 762-777. DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2010.06.006
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20630775 Abstract: The current study analyzes trans-cultural universalities and specificities in the recognition of status roles, dominance perception and social evaluation based on nonverbal cues. Using a novel methodology, which allowed to mask clues to ethnicity and cultural background of the agents, we compared impression of Germans, Americans and Arabs observing computer-animated interactions from the three countries. Only in the German stimulus sample the status roles (employee vs. supervisor) could be recognized above chance level. However we found significant correlations in dominance perception across all countries. Significant correlations were only found for evaluation between German observers and observers from the other two countries. Perceived dominance uniformly predicted the assignment of status-roles in all cultures. Microanalysis of movement behavior further revealed predictive value of specific nonverbal cues for dominance ratings. Results support the hypothesis of universalities in the processing of dominance cues and point to cultural specificities in evaluative responses to nonverbal behavior.
Keywords: Adolescent, Adult, Avoidance Learning, Cross-Cultural Comparison, Cues, Germany, Humans, Individuality, Judgment, Kommunikation, Nonverbal communication, Power (Psychology), Social Distance, Social Dominance, Social Perception, Social Values, Status, uncertainty, United Arab Emirates, United States, Video Recording, Young Adult 2009
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(2009): Testing a social-cognitive model of moral behavior. The interactive influence of situations and moral identity centrality. In: Journal of personality and social psychology 97 (1), S. 123-141. DOI: 10.1037/a0015406
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19586244 Abstract: This article proposes and tests a social-cognitive framework for examining the joint influence of situational factors and the centrality of moral identity on moral intentions and behaviors. The authors hypothesized that if a situational factor increases the current accessibility of moral identity within the working self-concept, then it strengthens the motivation to act morally. In contrast, if a situational factor decreases the current accessibility of moral identity, then it weakens the motivation to act morally. The authors also expected the influence of situational factors to vary depending on the extent to which moral identity was central to a person's overall self-conception. Hypotheses derived from the framework were tested in 4 studies. The studies used recalling and reading a list of the Ten Commandments (Study 1), writing a story using morally laden terms (Study 4), and the presence of performance-based financial incentives (Studies 2 and 3) as situational factors. Participants' willingness to initiate a cause-related marketing program (Study 1), lie to a job candidate during a salary negotiation (Studies 2 and 3), and contribute to a public good (Study 4) were examined. Results provide strong support for the proposed framework. zitiert von: 551
Keywords: Adolescent, Cues, Culture, Decision Making, Female, Humans, Individuality, Intention, Internal-External Control, Male, Moral, Morals, Motivation, Personality Inventory/statistics & numerical data, Persönlichkeitspsychologie, psychometrics, Self Concept, Social Behavior, Social Environment, Social Perception, Sozialpsychologie, Students/psychology, Verhaltensforschung, Young Adult -
(2009): Social understanding through direct perception? Yes, by interacting. In: Consciousness and cognition 18 (2). DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2008.10.007
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2008.10.007 Abstract: This paper comments on Gallagher's recently published direct perception proposal about social cognition [Gallagher, S. (2008a). Direct perception in the intersubjective context. Consciousness and Cognition, 17(2), 535-543]. I show that direct perception is in danger of being appropriated by the very cognitivist accounts criticised by Gallagher (theory theory and simulation theory). Then I argue that the experiential directness of perception in social situations can be understood only in the context of the role of the interaction process in social cognition. I elaborate on the role of social interaction with a discussion of participatory sense-making to show that direct perception, rather than being a perception enriched by mainly individual capacities, can be best understood as an interactional phenomenon.
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(2009) : Wirtschaftsethik trifft Organisationspsychologie: Spiegeln Ethikkodizes organisationspsychologische Konzepte zum (un-)moralischen Verhalten wider? In: Raab, Gerhard; Unger, Alexander (Hg.): Der Mensch im Mittelpunkt wirtschaftlichen Handelns: Tagungsband zur 15. Fachtagung der Gesellschaft für angewandte Wirtschaftspsychologie Ludwigshafen 10. 11. Juli 2009: 1. Auflage: Lengerich: Pabst Science Publishers, S. 427-434
Abstract: Die Rolle von Ethikkodizes in Unternehmen wird analysiert. Ausgangspunkt ist die Überlegung, dass aus der Sicht der Öffentlichkeit Gewinnerzielung als alleinige Maxime für Unternehmen aktuell nur schwer aufrechtzuerhalten ist, sondern dass vielmehr ein reflektiertes Handeln gefordert ist, das gegenüber vielfältigen Bezugsgruppen verantwortbar und zudem für das Unternehmen profitabel ist. Vor diesem werden in vielen Organisationen Ethikkodizes erlassen, in denen Verhaltenserwartungen an die Mitarbeiter definiert werden. Auch die organisationspsychologische Forschung entdeckt zunehmend die Aspekte Ethik und Moral: Das Konzept des "Organizational Citizenship Behavior" (OCB) thematisiert das Zusatzengagement von Mitarbeitern im Sinne eines "extra-role-behavior", das außerhalb vertraglich geregelter Verpflichtungen liegt und dessen Ausbleiben deswegen kaum sanktionierbar ist (etwa Hilfsbereitschaft, Loyalität, Regelbefolgung, Gewissenhaftigkeit, Zivilcourage). Im Modell der "Citizenship Performance" (CP) werden interpersonale, organisationsbezogene und aufgabenbezogene moralische Verhaltensweisen unterschieden. Darüber hinaus werden moralische Aspekte in den Konzepten zum kontraproduktiven Verhalten (KPV) aufgegriffen. In einer empirischen Analyse wurde untersucht, inwieweit Ethikkodizes organisationspsychologische Konzepte zum (un-)moralischen Verhalten (OCB, CP, KPV) widerspiegeln. In die Analyse gingen die Ethikkodizes von 25 der DAX-30-Unternehmen des Jahres 2008 ein. Die Analyse erfolgte nach Prinzipien der qualitativen Inhaltsanalyse mithilfe der Software MAXqda. Die verhaltensrelevanten Aussagen in den Kodizes wurden in einzelne Paraphrasen übersetzt, randomisiert und anschließend einer aus OCB-, CP- und KPV-Konzepten abgeleiteten Kategoriensystematik zugeordnet. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass zahlreiche typische OCB- und CP-Kategorien in den Kodizes kaum vorkamen (etwa gegenseitige Hilfe und Unterstützung, Zivilcourage), gehäuft traten hingegen "Regelbefolgung" und "Loyalität zum Unternehmen" auf. Unter den KPV-Kategorien ergab sich ein Schwerpunkt bei den Bereichen "Korruption und Bestechung", "Informationsmissbrauch" und "Interessenkonflikte". Eine Korrespondenzanalyse auf Basis der unternehmensspezifischen Zuweisungen zeigt, dass die existierenden Unterschiede zwischen den Kodizes im Rahmen einer zweidimensionalen Lösung mit den Achsen "Individualismus - Konformität" und "Individuelle Verantwortung - Hierarchiebetonung" interpretiert werden können. Das in den Kodizes gezeichnete Bild des erwünschten Mitarbeiters ist das des Mitarbeiters, der ehrlich, korrekt, fair und vor allem regelkonform ist. Verantwortlichkeitsaspekte wie Zivilcourage oder Hilfsbereitschaft waren dagegen in den Kodizes stark unterrepräsentiert. Implikationen für die Gestaltung von Ethikkodizes und den Dialog zwischen Wissenschaft und Praxis werden abgeleitet.
2008
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(2008): Sexual coercion and the misperception of sexual intent. In: Clinical psychology review 28 (1), S. 48-66. DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2007.03.002
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17462798 Abstract: Misperceiving a woman's platonic interest as sexual interest has been implicated in a sexual bargaining process that leads to sexual coercion. This paper provides a comprehensive review of sexual misperception, including gender differences in perception of women's sexual intent, the relationship between sexual coercion and misperception, and situational factors that increase the risk that sexual misperception will occur. Compared to women, men consistently perceive a greater degree of sexual intent in women's behavior. However, there is evidence to suggest that this gender effect may be driven largely by a sub-group of men who are particularly prone to perceive sexual intent in women's behavior, such as sexually coercive men and men who endorse sex-role stereotypes. Situational factors, such as alcohol use by the man or woman, provocative clothing, and dating behaviors (e.g., initiating the date or making eye contact), are all associated with increased estimates of women's sexual interest. We also critique the current measurement strategies and introduce a model of perception that more closely maps on to important theoretical questions in this area. A clearer understanding of sexual perception errors and the etiology of these errors may serve to guide sexual-assault prevention programs toward more effective strategies.
Keywords: Alcohol Drinking, Biologische Marker, Coercion, Control, degree of acquaintance, eye-contact, Female, Gender Identity, Gestik, Humans, Individuality, Intention, Interpersonal Relations, Male, Mimik, MODELS, Numerical Data, Perceptual Distortion, Postkasten, Prevention, Psychological, Psychologie, PSYCHOLOGY, Rape, Sex Factors, Sexual Behaviour, Social Perception, Statistics, Status, SV 2006
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(2006): Knowing your place: Self-perceptions of status in face-to-face groups. In: Journal of personality and social psychology 91 (6), S. 1094-1110. DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.91.6.1094
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17144767 Abstract: Status is the prominence, respect, and influence individuals enjoy in the eyes of others. Theories of positive illusions suggest that individuals form overly positive perceptions of their status in face-to-face groups. In contrast, the authors argue that individuals' perceptions of their status are highly accurate--that is, they closely match the group's perception of their status--because forming overly positive status self-perceptions can damage individuals' acceptance in a group. Therefore, the authors further argue that individuals are likely to refrain from status self-enhancement to maintain their belongingness in a group. Support for their hypotheses was found in 2 studies of status in face-to-face groups, using a social relations model approach (D. A. Kenny & L. La Voie, 1984). Individuals showed high accuracy in perceiving their status and even erred on the side of being overly humble. Moreover, enhancement in status self-perceptions was associated with lower levels of social acceptance.
2005
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(2005): Culture, essentialism, and agency. Are individuals universally believed to be more real entities than groups?. In: European Journal of Social Psychology 35 (2), S. 147-169. DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.237
Abstract: Compared how human individuals and social groups are perceived as social entities across different cultures. College students from East Asia (n=357, mean age 20 years), three English-speaking countries (n=300, mean age 20 years), and continental Europe (n=225, mean age 21 years) completed a questionnaire assessing two aspects of perceived "entitativity" (psychological essentialism and agency) as well as causal beliefs determining this perception. Perceptions concerning individuals, families, friendship groups, and society were reported. Individuals were considered more essence-like and unchangeable than social groups across all cultures. Similarly, more agency was ascribed to individuals, but only in Western cultures: East Asians conferred an equal level of agency to individuals and groups. Moreover, individuals were generally assigned more psychological essentialism than friendship groups and societies. The results are discussed with reference to concepts of individualism and collectivism. zitiert von 137
2003
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(2003): A dog's got personality: A cross-species comparative approach to personality judgments in dogs and humans. In: Journal of personality and social psychology 85 (6), S. 1161-1169. DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.85.6.1161
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14674821 Abstract: This research offers a blueprint for how a cross-species comparative approach can be realized empirically. In a single design, parallel procedures and instruments were used in 2 species, dogs (Canis familiaris) and humans (Homo sapiens), to test whether personality differences exist and can be judged in dogs as accurately as in humans. Personality judgments of humans and dogs were compared on 3 accuracy criteria: internal consistency, consensus, and correspondence. Results showed that, on all 3 criteria, judgments of dogs were as accurate as judgments of humans. These findings are consistent with the evolutionary continuity hypothesis and suggest an important conclusion not widely considered by either personality or animal researchers: Personality differences do exist and can be measured in animals other than humans.
1996
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(1996): Am Ende der Gesellschaft. Zerstort uns unsere individualistische Kultur?. In: Universitas 51 (12), S. 1188-1201
Abstract: Der fur moderne westliche Gesellschaften charakteristische Individualismus, der das Ergebnis eines langen historischen Prozesses ist, wird in seiner Bedeutung fur Kultur und Gesellschaft erortert. Nach einleitenden Anmerkungen zur Entwicklung des Individualismus werden seine Auswirkungen in den verschiedensten gesellschaftlichen Teilbereichen, etwa Wohnen, Verkehr, Konsum, Freizeit, Familie und Familienplanung, Recht und Politik erlautert. Es wird deutlich gemacht, dass die individualistische Gesellschaft gegenwartig vor tiefgreifenden Veranderungen steht, die vor allem aus ihrer Uberalterung resultieren. Diese Veranderungen, die als existentielle Krise der Gesellschaft bezeichnet werden, bedrohen die ethische und kulturelle Identitat der Gesellschaft. Eine Entwicklung hin zu einer gemeinschaftsorientierten und damit biologisch stabileren Gesellschaft wird fur unumganglich gehalten.
1992
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(1992): Interpersonal underpinnings of request strategies: General principles and differences due to culture and gender. In: Journal of personality and social psychology 62 (2), S. 246-256. DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.62.2.246
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.62.2.246 Abstract: Several hypotheses derived from P. Brown and S. Levinson’s (1987) politeness theory were tested with Ss from the US and Korea. Ss imagined themselves in situations in which they were to make a request. Ss then indicated exactly what they would say in each situation and what their perceptions of the request size, the hearer’s power, and the closeness of their relationship with the hearer were. Consistent with Brown and Levinson’s theory, power, distance, and size contributed significantly to politeness. Significant predictor variable interactions suggested that an additive model is not appropriate. Finally, there was evidence of cultural and gender differences in the weighting of these predictor variables. These differences can partially account for cultural and gender differences in language use. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)
Keywords: Adolescent, Adult, Angemessen(heit) (von Technik), Attitude, Cross Cultural Differences, Cross-Cultural Comparison, Female, Gender Identity, Human Sex Differences, Humans, Individuality, Interpersonal Control, Interpersonal Relations, Intimacy, Korea, Male, male vs female college students, politeness of request strategies & perceived size & hearer’s power & relationship closeness, Power (Psychology), Pragmatics, Social Distance, Social Values, United States, US vs Korea, Verbal Behavior, Verbal Communication
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