Alle Publikationen
2018
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(2018): Personalauswahl kompetent gestalten. Grundlagen und Praxis der Eignungsdiagnostik nach DIN 33430. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer
Abstract: Einführung in die DIN 33430 -- Anforderungsprofil, Verhaltensbeobachtung und Verhaltensbeurteilung -- Eignungsinterviews/direkte mündliche Befragungen -- Anforderungsanalyse, Verfahren der Eignungsbeurteilung sowie rechtliche Rahmenbedingungen -- Statistisch-methodische Grundlagen der Eignungsbeurteilung -- Evaluation der Eignungsbeurteilung Dieses anwendungsnahe Grundlagenbuch erläutert den Stand von Wissenschaft und Technik zum gesamten Prozess der Personalauswahl: von A wie Anforderungsanalyse bis Z wie Zuverlässigkeit. Dabei werden die gängigen Verfahren Assessment-Center, Interview, Fragebogen und Tests thematisiert. Die sowohl in der Wissenschaft als auch in der Praxis anerkannten Autorinnen und Autoren zeigen, wie die Personalauswahl gestaltet werden kann, damit die Prozesse dem Qualitätsanspruch der DIN 33430 genügen. Das Buch ist Grundlage der Prüfung zur Personenlizenzierung für berufsbezogene Eignungsbeurteilungen nach DIN 33430. Der Inhalt Grundlagen der Eignungsdiagnostik nach DIN 33430 einschließlich rechtlicher Rahmenbedingungen; Anforderungsanalysen und Kompetenzprofile, Assessment-Center-Übungen, Interviews, Fragebogen und Tests; Statistisch-methodische Grundlagen und Evaluation der Eignungsbeurteilung im Hinblick auf Erfolgskriterien, Prognosegüte und Nutzen Die Zielgruppen Personalverantwortliche und Studierende der Psychologie sowie der Wirtschaftswissenschaften und Jura mit Schwerpunkt Personal Der Herausgeber Das Diagnostik- und Testkuratorium (DTK) ist ein von der „Föderation Deutscher Psychologenvereinigungen“ getragenes Gremium. Das DTK ist zuständig für alle Aspekte der Qualitätssicherung und Qualitätsoptimierung des diagnostischen Prozesses einschließlich der diagnostischen Verfahren
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(2018): Supplemental Material for Unethical and Inept?. The Influence of Moral Information on Perceptions of Competence. In: Journal of personality and social psychology, S. 195-210. DOI: 10.1037/pspa0000097.supp
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/pspa0000097.supp Abstract: While moral character heavily influences global evaluations of others (Goodwin, Piazza, & Rozin, 2014), its causal effect on perceptions of others’ competence (i.e., one’s knowledge, skills, and abilities) is less clear. We found that people readily use information about another’s morality when judging their competence, despite holding folk intuitions that these domains are independent. Across 6 studies (n = 1,567), including 2 preregistered experiments, participants judged targets who committed hypothetical transgressions (Studies 1 and 3), cheated on lab tasks (Study 2), acted selfishly in economic games (Study 4), and received low morality ratings from coworkers (Study 5 and 6) as less competent than control or moral targets. These findings were specific to morality and were not the result of incidentally manipulating impressions of warmth (Study 4), nor were they fully explained by a general halo effect (Studies 2 and 3). We hypothesized that immoral targets are seen as less competent because their immoral actions led them to be viewed as low in social intelligence. Studies 4 and 5 supported this prediction, demonstrating that social intelligence was a more reliable mediator than perceptions of self-control or general intelligence. An experimental test of this mediation argument found that presenting targets as highly socially intelligent eliminated the negative effect of immoral information on judgments of competence (Study 6). These results suggest that information about a person’s moral character readily influences perceptions of their competence. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved)
2017
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(2017): Implicit moral evaluations. A multinomial modeling approach. In: Cognition 158, S. 224-241. DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2016.10.013
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27865113 Abstract: Implicit moral evaluations-i.e., immediate, unintentional assessments of the wrongness of actions or persons-play a central role in supporting moral behavior in everyday life. Yet little research has employed methods that rigorously measure individual differences in implicit moral evaluations. In five experiments, we develop a new sequential priming measure-the Moral Categorization Task-and a multinomial model that decomposes judgment on this task into multiple component processes. These include implicit moral evaluations of moral transgression primes (Unintentional Judgment), accurate moral judgments about target actions (Intentional Judgment), and a directional tendency to judge actions as morally wrong (Response Bias). Speeded response deadlines reduced Intentional Judgment but not Unintentional Judgment (Experiment 1). Unintentional Judgment was stronger toward moral transgression primes than non-moral negative primes (Experiments 2-4). Intentional Judgment was associated with increased error-related negativity, a neurophysiological indicator of behavioral control (Experiment 4). Finally, people who voted for an anti-gay marriage amendment had stronger Unintentional Judgment toward gay marriage primes (Experiment 5). Across Experiments 1-4, implicit moral evaluations converged with moral personality: Unintentional Judgment about wrong primes, but not negative primes, was negatively associated with psychopathic tendencies and positively associated with moral identity and guilt proneness. Theoretical and practical applications of formal modeling for moral psychology are discussed.
Keywords: Adult, Cerebral Cortex/physiology, Cognition/physiology, Electroencephalography, Evoked Potentials, Female, Guilt, Humans, Individuality, Intention, Judgment/physiology, Kognitionswissenschaften, Male, Middle Aged, Models, Psychological, Moral, Morals, Neuropsychological Tests, Personality, Personality Assessment, science direct, Shame, Social Perception -
(2017): Make it personal. A social explanation system applied to group recommendations. In: Expert Systems with Applications 76, S. 36-48. DOI: 10.1016/j.eswa.2017.01.045
Abstract: Recommender systems help users to identify which items from a variety of choices best match their needs and preferences. In this context, explanations act as complementary information that can help users to better comprehend the system’s output and to encourage goals such as trust, confidence in decision-making or utility. In this paper we propose a Personalized Social Individual Explanation approach (PSIE). Unlike other expert systems the PSIE proposal novelly includes explanations about the system’s group recommendation and explanations about the group’s social reality with the goal of inducing a positive reaction that leads to a better perception of the received group recommendations. Among other challenges, we uncover a special need to focus on “tactful” explanations when addressing users’ personal relationships within a group and to focus on personalized reassuring explanations that encourage users to accept the presented recommendations. Besides, the resulting intelligent system significatively increases users’ intent (likelihood) to follow the recommendations, users’ satisfaction and the system’s efficiency and trustworthiness. zitiert von 5
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(2017): Emotional intelligence predicts peer-rated social competence above and beyond personality traits. In: Current Issues in Personality Psychology 5 (2), S. 91-101. DOI: 10.5114/cipp.2017.64490
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5114/cipp.2017.64490 Abstract: Background: This study investigated the relationship between trait emotional intelligence (EI) and social competences (SC), which determine effective functioning in three types of social situations: intimate situations, situations of social exposure and situations requiring self-assertion. Social competences were assessed using a peer nomination method. It was hypothesized that trait EI predicts SC above and beyond personality traits. Participants and Procedure: Data were collected from among 111 adolescents (46.95% girls). The study was conducted among five classes from three public high schools. Participants first completed the Personality Inventory NEO-FFI and the Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire-Short Form (TEIQue-SF). Subsequently, the descriptions of three different persons were presented to the participants. Each description concerned one of the SC: intimate competence, social exposure competence and assertive competence. Participants were asked to nominate three classmates who suited each description best. Results: A series of hierarchical regression analyses was performed. Personality traits and trait EI were regressed on each competence. Analyses involved two-step hierarchical regressions, entering personality traits at step 1 and adding trait EI at step 2. The results demonstrated that personality traits explained a substantial portion of the variance in each SC. Beyond these variables, trait EI was significant as a predictor of nominations for each SC, explaining an additional amount of the unique variance. Conclusions: The results complement existing evidence that trait EI contributes to successful social functioning. The relationships between trait EI and SC remained statistically significant even after controlling for Big Five variance. The results demonstrate incremental validity of trait EI over and above personality traits. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved)
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(2017): Habit in Personality and Social Psychology. In: Personality and social psychology review : an official journal of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Inc 21 (4), S. 389-403. DOI: 10.1177/1088868317720362
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28737111 Abstract: Habits are largely absent from modern social and personality psychology. This is due to outdated perspectives that placed habits in conflict with goals. In modern theorizing, habits are represented in memory as implicit context-response associations, and they guide responding in conjunction with goals. Habits thus have important implications for our field. Emerging research shows that habits are an important mechanism by which people self-regulate and achieve long-term goals. Also, habits change through specific interventions, such as changes in context cues. I speculate that understanding of habits also holds promise for reducing intergroup discrimination and for understanding lay theories of the causes for action. In short, by recognizing habit, the field gains understanding of a central mechanism by which actions persist in daily life. zitiert von 6
2016
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(2016): Developing professional values. Perceptions of francophone occupational therapists in Quebec, Canada. In: Scandinavian journal of occupational therapy 23 (4), S. 286-296. DOI: 10.3109/11038128.2015.1130168
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26824179 Abstract: Objective Recent literature shows growing interest in the values displayed by occupational therapists. Yet, none of these writings has so far examined the factors that contribute to the development of occupational therapists' professional values. These factors are important, since values play a pivotal role in forging professional identity, which in the case of some occupational therapists remains somewhat ambiguous. This article proposes possible answers to the following question: What do Quebec Francophone occupational therapists perceive as the building blocks of their professional values? Methods Using a phenomenological qualitative method, the subjective experience of occupational therapists in Quebec, Canada was examined. Twenty-six occupational therapists took part in the study. Results As intended, their professional experience was varied. According to the participants, four factors contributed significantly to their professional values: professional experience, university training, personal experience, and professional development. However, fewer than 50% of the participants cited six other factors (workplace, family upbringing, personal development, personality and abilities, professional normative framework, and sociocultural background). Conclusions Most of these results are consistent with those documented in existing works. They point to the relevance of discussing professional values during university training and continuing professional development, as well as encouraging occupational therapists to become exemplars for their colleagues and interns. This study constitutes an initial step in understanding how occupational therapists' axiological identity is formed.
Keywords: Adult, Aged, Attitude of Health Personnel, Berufserfahrung/Kompetenz, Culture, Design, Erfahrung, Family, Female, (Grad/Qualität der) Ausbildung, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Normen innerhalb eines Berufsfelds, Occupational Therapists/education/ethics/psychology, Personality, Persönliche Entwicklung, Professionalism, Professionalität, Qualitative research, Quebec, Rolle (Beruf), Workplace, Young Adult -
(2016): Which Basic Rules Underlie Social Judgments? Agency Follows a Zero-Sum Principle and Communion Follows a Non-Zero-Sum Principle. In: Personality & social psychology bulletin 42 (5), S. 677-687. DOI: 10.1177/0146167216640902
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27029579 Abstract: How are people who generally see others positively evaluated themselves? We propose that the answer to this question crucially hinges on the content domain: We hypothesize that Agency follows a "zero-sum principle" and therefore people who see others ashighin Agency are perceived aslowin Agency themselves. In contrast, we hypothesize that Communion follows a "non-zero-sum principle" and therefore people who see others ashighin Communion are perceived ashighin Communion themselves. We tested these hypotheses in a round-robin and a half-block study. Perceiving others as agentic was indeed linked to being perceived as low in Agency. To the contrary, perceiving others as communal was linked to being perceived as high in Communion, but only when people directly interacted with each other. These results help to clarify the nature of Agency and Communion and offer explanations for divergent findings in the literature. zitiert von 6
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Frey, Dieter (2016): Psychologie der Werte. Von Achtsamkeit bis Zivilcourage - Basiswissen aus Psychologie und Philosophie. 1. Auflage. Berlin; Heidelberg: Springer, zuletzt geprüft am 09.02.2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-48014-4 Abstract: Das ABC der Werte - psychologisch betrachtet! Dieser Sammelband lädt ein, sich mit den Grundwerten unserer Gesellschaft neu auseinanderzusetzen: Was bedeuten eigentlich Empathie, Respekt, Vertrauen u. a. Werte im Kern? Was wissen psychologische Forschung, Philosophie oder Theologie darüber? Welche Bedeutung haben diese Werte für jeden Einzelnen persönlich? Wie können diese Werte gelebt und in Alltag, Unternehmen und Gesellschaft gestärkt werden? - Ein Buch für alle, die sich in Zeiten des gefühlten Wertewandels auf fundierte Weise mit Werten befassen bzw. darüber klar werden möchten, welche Werte für das eigene Privat- oder Berufsleben wichtig sind. - Ein Buch für interessierte Laien, Studierende, Führungskräfte, Lehrer oder Politiker, das aktuelles Wissen liefert sowie zu Selbstreflexion und Diskussion anregt. Inhalt 25 Werte - von A wie Achtsamkeit bis Z wie Zivilcourage - in 25 kompakten Kapiteln Einheitlicher Aufbau jeder Werte-Betrachtung: Definition eines Wertes; theoretische Einordnung und Stand der Forschung aus den Perspektiven der Psychologie, Philosophie oder Theologie; Anregungen zur Förderung und Implementierung in Alltag und Berufsleben Praktische Hinweise: Wie können Werte methodisch, didaktisch und inhaltlich vermittelt werden? Warum handeln Menschen oft nicht nach den eigenen Grundwerten und wie kann diese Diskrepanz verringert werden? Zielgruppen Alle Personen, die in Erziehung, Lehre und Führung tätig sind Studierende und Dozenten, die sich in Ausbildung und Lehre mit Werten auseinandersetzen Alle am Thema „Werte“ Interessierte Herausgeber und Autoren Herausgeber Prof. Dr. Dieter Frey ist Professor für Sozialpsychologie an der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München und Leiter des LMU Center for Leadership and People Management Die Autorinnen und Autoren sind Masterstudierende an der LMU München im Master für Wirtschafts-, Organisations- und Sozialpsychologie
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(2016): Sollten Assistenzroboter eine "Persönlichkeit" haben? : Potenzial simplifizierter Roboterpersönlichkeiten. In: Zeitschrift fur Gerontologie und Geriatrie 49 (4), S. 298-302. DOI: 10.1007/s00391-016-1068-3
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27245227 Abstract: BACKGROUND In the European Union (EU) research project "HOBBIT" prototypes of assistive robots were developed in order to support a more secure and independent life style and trials were run at the homes of elderly users. OBJECTIVE The project "personAAL" aimed at investigating whether distinct behavioral forms of a robot ("personality"), despite an identical basic function (e.g. bringing a message) are perceived as different personalities by the test persons. MATERIAL AND METHODS For this study a robot was equipped with two types of behavior, one more introverted (purely function-oriented, impersonal and factual) and the other more extroverted (lively and enriched). The two types of behavior were demonstrated to 13 test persons (mostly older persons and experts from the care domain). RESULTS Nearly all of the test persons (12 out of 13) perceived a difference with respect to the behavior of the robot. Of the test persons 1 preferred the introverted robot, 9 the extroverted behavior of the robot and 3 had no preferences or stated that the preference depended on the context. The evaluation of answers to the Godspeed questionnaire resulted in significantly different perceptions of "anthropomorphism" and "animated" as well as in the total evaluation. It is also remarkable that no significant differences could be found for "likeability" and "perceived security". There was also no significant correlation between the preferred behavior of the robot and the self-assessment of the test person as being more introverted or extroverted. CONCLUSION From these results it can be concluded that acceptance of a robot does not solely depend on the mere function, which of course is a precondition but that it is advisable to offer a choice between different types of behavior in order to optimize acceptance.
Keywords: 80 and over, activities of daily living, Aged, Assistenz, Ergonomics, Europe, Female, Humans, Male, man-machine systems, Mensch-Roboter-Interaktion, Methods, Patient Acceptance of Health-Care, Patient Preference, Personality, PSYCHOLOGY, Robotics, Self-Help Devices, Social Support, User-Computer Interface -
(2016): Sex Differences in Judgments of Social Desirability. In: Journal of personality 84 (4), S. 423-432. DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12169
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25728192 Abstract: This study evaluates sex differences in the perceived desirability of personality behaviors and beliefs. Men and women (N = 149, Mage = 18.7) judged the social desirability scale values (SDSVs) of 150 personality statements as applied either to a male target or a female target. For comparison, some estimated SDSVs with no target sex specified. A separate sample of 537 respondents endorsed the 150 items via self-report. Raters showed a high consensus in their SDSV judgments within conditions (α = .86 to .90) and no sex-of-rater effects across conditions. Substantial sex-of-target effects (p < .001), however, revealed many behaviors that were viewed as desirable for one sex but not for the other. The behaviors seen as more (less) desirable when applied to men rather than to women were endorsed more (less) by men than by women in the respondent sample. Similar results were found when no target sex was specified for the SDSV ratings, presumably because judges evaluated the behaviors as applied to a target of their own sex. The present results have important implications for the measurement and reporting of SDSVs, the evaluation of substance versus style in self-reports, and the construction of desirability-reduced personality inventories.
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(2016): The 'Conversation Partner' Phenomenon in the Dialogical I-Other Relationship. In: SSRN Electronic Journal. DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2884743
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2884743 Abstract: Authors develop a new approach to the study of one's relationships with others, which focuses on the conditions and the effects of the dialogical nature of a person. Theoretical modeling, hermeneutics, qualitative and quantitative methods have been applied. The solution for identifying prerequisites of self-development and social positioning of a person that are rooted in dialogical I-Other relationships has been suggested. The originality of the paper is associated with describing the relation to the other as a reflexive I-Other relationship; with an elaborated model that highlights the variety of dimensions of I-Other relationships (between I and Other, I-in-Other, Other-in-Me, I-in-Myself) results in a truly dialogical mode of being; with revealing the potentials of a Conversation Partner in dialogical I-Other relationships (subjective interrelations and significance of Conversation Partners, their activity, fullness of the reflection of significant Conversation Partners); with a description of different hypostases of Conversation Partners (Real, Ideal, Secret, I as Myself) by the means of hermeneutics. The method called "My Conversation Partner" should also be mentioned, as well as the empirical study of existential and social resources of Conversation Partners. Theoretical background of the study was formed by the works of M.M. Bakhtin, M. Buber, M. Heidegger, J.-P. Sartre. E. Levinas, as well as by the works of modern psychologists such as G.M. Kuchinsky, A.V. Rossokhin, E.B. Starovoytenko, C.T. Brown & P.W. Keller, Hubert Hermans, F. Rivetti Barbo, etc. Results of the current research have shown that the potential of social adaptivity, affiliation, dominance, positive solitude, joy of solitude, freedom, self-transcendence, existential fulfillment is associated with the richness of one's Conversation Partners.
Keywords: adaptivity, Bakhtin, Barbo, Buber, C.T. Brown, Conversation Partner, dialogue, dimensions, Disziplin, existential resources, Heidegger, Hermans, hermeneutics, I - Other / Conversation Partner, Interaktion, interdisziplinär, I-Other relationship, Keller, Kuchinsky, Levinas, model, Personality, Philosophie, Psychologie, reflection, Rossokhin, Sartre, social adaptivity, social resources, Starovoytenko -
Tkalčič, Marko; Carolis, Berardina de; Gemmis, Marco de; Odić, Ante; Košir, Andrej (Hg.) (2016): Emotions and personality in personalized services. Models, evaluation and applications. Cham: Springer (Human-Computer Interaction Series)
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31413-6 Abstract: Preface -- Foreword -- Part I: Background.-Introduction to Emotions and Personality in Personalized Systems -- Social Emotions -- Models of Personality -- Part II Acquisition and Corpora -- Acquisition of Affect -- Acquisition of Personality -- Computing Technologies for Social Signals -- Sentiment Analysis in Social Streams -- Mobile-Based Experience Sampling for Behaviour Research -- Affective and Personality Corpora -- Part III Applications -- Modeling User’s Social Attitude in a Conversational System -- Personality and Recommendation Diversity -- Affective Music Information Retrieval -- Emotions and Personality in e-Learning Systems: an Affective Computing perspective -- Emotion-Based Matching of Music to Places -- Emotions in Context-aware Recommender Systems -- Towards User-Aware Music Information Retrieval: Emotional and Color Perception of Music -- Part IV Evaluation and Privacy -- Emotion Detection Techniques for the Evaluation of Serendipitous Recommendations -- Reflections on The Design Challenges Prompted by Affect-Aware Socially Assistive Robots Personalization is ubiquitous from search engines to online-shopping websites helping us find content more efficiently and this book focuses on the key developments that are shaping our daily online experiences. With advances in the detection of end users’ emotions, personality, sentiment and social signals, researchers and practitioners now have the tools to build a new generation of personalized systems that will really understand the user’s state and deliver the right content. With leading experts from a vast array of domains from user modeling, mobile sensing and information retrieval to artificial intelligence, human-computer interaction (HCI) social computing and psychology, a broad spectrum of topics are covered. From discussing psychological theoretical models and exploring state-of-the-art methods for acquiring emotions and personality in an unobtrusive way, as well as describing how these concepts can be used to improve various aspects of the personalization process and chapters that discuss evaluation and privacy issues. Emotions and Personality in Personalized Systems will help aid researchers and practitioners develop and evaluate user-centric personalization systems that take into account the factors that have a tremendous impact on our decision-making - emotions and personality
2015
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(2015): "Our" food versus "my" food. Investigating the relation between childhood shared food practices and adult prosocial behavior in Belgium. In: Appetite 84, S. 54-60. DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2014.09.022
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25265154 Abstract: This study focuses on the connection between prosocial behavior, defined as acting in ways that benefit others, and shared meals, defined as meals that consist of food(s) shared with others. In contrast to individual meals, where consumers eat their own food and perhaps take a sample of someone else's dish as a taste, shared meals are essentially about sharing all the food with all individuals. Consequently, these meals create situations where consumers are confronted with issues of fairness and respect. One should not be greedy and consume most of a dish; instead, rules of polite food sharing need to be obeyed. It is therefore proposed that those who have often engaged in shared meals during childhood will have a more prosocial personality, as compared to those who less often took part in shared meals during childhood. To test this hypothesis, data about frequency of shared meals during childhood and altruistic personality in early adulthood were collected using a cross-sectional survey in Belgium (n = 487). Results confirm that higher levels of shared meal consumption correspond to higher scores on the self-report altruism scale among students.
Keywords: Adolescent, Adult, Altruism, Belgium, Child, Cross-Sectional Studies, Eating, Einfluss von ästhetischer Vorprägung/Erziehung, Entwicklungspsychologie, Erwartungen, Fairness, Feeding Behavior, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Male, Meals, Nahrungswissenschaft?, Personality, Self Report, Students, Surveys and Questionnaires, Vergangenheit / Erziehung, Young Adult -
(2015): Moral Identity and Adolescent Prosocial and Antisocial Behaviors. Interactions with Moral Disengagement and Self-regulation. In: Journal of youth and adolescence 44 (8), S. 1542-1554. DOI: 10.1007/s10964-014-0172-1
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-014-0172-1 Abstract: Moral identity has been positively linked to prosocial behaviors and negatively linked to antisocial behaviors; but, the processes by which it is linked to such outcomes are unclear. The purpose of the present study was to examine moral identity not only as a predictor, but also as a moderator of relationships between other predictors (moral disengagement and self-regulation) and youth outcomes (prosocial and antisocial behaviors). The sample consisted of 384 adolescents (42 % female), ages 15–18 recruited from across the US using an online survey panel. Latent variables were created for moral identity, moral disengagement, and self-regulation. Structural equation models assessed these latent variables, and interactions of moral identity with moral disengagement and self-regulation, as predictors of prosocial (charity and civic engagement) and antisocial (aggression and rule breaking) behaviors. None of the interactions were significant predicting prosocial behaviors. F or antis ocial behaviors, the interaction between moral identity and moral disengagement predicted aggression, while the interaction between moral identity and self-regulation was significant in predicting aggression and rule breaking. Specifically, at higher levels of moral identity, the positive link between moral disengagement and aggression was weaker, and the negative link between self-regulation and both antisocial behaviors was weaker. Thus, moral identity may buffer against the maladaptive effects of high moral disengagement and low self-regulation. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)
Keywords: Adolescent, Adolescent Behavior, Aggression, Antisocial Personality Disorder, Female, Humans, Internal-External Control, Male, Moral, Moral Development, Pädagogische Psychologie, Peer Group, Personality, PSYCHOLOGY, Psychology, Adolescent, Self Concept, Surveys and Questionnaires, United States, Verhaltensforschung -
(2015): Knowing versus liking. Separating normative knowledge from social desirability in first impressions of personality. In: Journal of personality and social psychology 109 (6), S. 1105-1116. DOI: 10.1037/a0039587
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26322983 Abstract: There are strong differences between individuals in the tendency to view the personality of others as similar to the average person. That is, some people tend to form more normatively accurate impressions than do others. However, the process behind the formation of normatively accurate first impressions is not yet fully understood. Given that the average individual's personality is highly socially desirable (Borkenau & Zaltauskas, 2009; Wood, Gosling & Potter, 2007), individuals may achieve high normative accuracy by viewing others as similar to the average person or by viewing them in an overly socially desirable manner. The average self-reported personality profile and social desirability, despite being strongly correlated, independently and strongly predict first impressions. Further, some individuals have a more accurate understanding of the average individual's personality than do others. Perceivers with more accurate knowledge about the average individual's personality rated the personality of specific others more normatively accurately (more similar to the average person), suggesting that individual differences in normative judgments include a component of accurate knowledge regarding the average personality. In contrast, perceivers who explicitly evaluated others more positively formed more socially desirable impressions, but not more normatively accurate impressions.
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(2015): Social cognition. In: Animal Behaviour 103, S. 191-202. DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2015.01.030
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2015.01.030 Abstract: The social intelligence hypothesis argues that competition and cooperation among individuals have shaped the evolution of cognition in animals. What do we mean by social cognition? Here we suggest that the building blocks of social cognition are a suite of skills, ordered roughly according to the cognitive demands they place upon individuals. These skills allow an animal to recognize others by various means; to recognize and remember other animals' relationships; and, perhaps, to attribute mental states to them. Some skills are elementary and virtually ubiquitous in the animal kingdom; others are more limited in their taxonomic distribution. We treat these skills as the targets of selection, and assume that more complex levels of social cognition evolve only when simpler methods are inadequate. As a result, more complex levels of social cognition indicate greater selective pressures in the past. The presence of each skill can be tested directly through field observations and experiments. In addition, the same methods that have been used to compare social cognition across species can also be used to measure individual differences within species and to test the hypothesis that individual differences in social cognition are linked to differences in reproductive success.
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(2015): Wie kommt die Moral in den Kopf?. Von der Werteerziehung zur Persönlichkeitsförderung. Berlin: Springer Spektrum
Abstract: Ausgehend von einer skeptischen Haltung hinsichtlich der Bedeutung von Werten als steuernden Faktoren menschlichen Handelns werden andere, meist unbewusste Motive menschlichen Tuns und Lassens in den Blick genommen. Basierend auf Erkenntnissen aus Gehirnforschung, Psychologie und Soziologie werden Antworten auf folgende Fragen gegeben: Haben schon Tiere Vorformen von Moral? Was passiert im Gehirn, wenn Menschen moralische Entscheidungen treffen? Welche Rolle spielen die Gene und frühkindliche Erfahrungen? Wie werden Kinder zu moralischen Persönlichkeiten? Was tragen Eltern, Kindertagesstätten und Schulen dazu bei? Welche Persönlichkeitsaspekte, Fähigkeiten und Verhaltensneigungen von Kindern begünstigen moralisches Handeln und ein gutes Leben und Zusammenleben? Welche Kompetenzen helfen zur Verwirklichung von Werten wie Gesundheit, Gerechtigkeit, Freiheit oder Solidarität? - Inhalt: (1) Der trügerische Ruf nach Werten: Bestimmen Werte unser Verhalten? (2) Was treibt unser Verhalten wirklich an? (3) Warum lohnt sich der Blick ins Gehirn? (4) Die Persönlichkeit und ihre Werte: Gut für Überraschungen? (5) Wie kultiviert die Gesellschaft Werte und Normen? (6) Kardinaltugenden und Werte: Fälle für das Forschungslabor? (7) Die politischen Werte der Französischen Revolution: Noch aktuell? (8) Und wo bleiben die Werte? (9) Was fördert moralisches Verhalten? (10) Werte und Moral über die Kellertreppe? zitiert von: 3
2014
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(2014): The HEXACO Honesty-Humility, Agreeableness, and Emotionality factors. A review of research and theory. In: Personality and social psychology review: An official journal of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Inc 18 (2), S. 139-152. DOI: 10.1177/1088868314523838
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24577101 Abstract: We review research and theory on the HEXACO personality dimensions of Honesty-Humility (H), Agreeableness (A), and Emotionality (E), with particular attention to the following topics: (1) the origins of the HEXACO model in lexical studies of personality structure, and the content of the H, A, and E factors in those studies; (2) the operationalization of the H, A, and E factors in the HEXACO Personality Inventory-Revised; (3) the construct validity of self-reports on scales measuring the H factor; (4) the theoretical distinction between H and A; (5) similarity and assumed similarity between social partners in personality, with a focus on H and A; (6) the extent to which H (and A and E) variance is represented in instruments assessing the "Five-Factor Model" of personality; and (7) the relative validity of scales assessing the HEXACO and Five-Factor Model dimensions in predicting criteria conceptually relevant to H, A, and E.
Keywords: Behavioral Research, Big Five, Disziplin, Emotions, Entwicklungspsychologie, Good manners, HEXACO, Humans, Modelle/Theorien, Models, Psychological, Personality, Personality Inventory, Persönlichkeitsforschung, Postkasten, Psychologie, Reproducibility of Results, Soziale Angemessenheit, Überblick -
(2014): Social desirability scales as indicators of self-enhancement and impression management. In: Journal of Personality Assessment 96 (5), S. 532-543. DOI: 10.1080/00223891.2014.916714
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24837586 Abstract: This article presents 2 studies testing Paulhus's (2002) assumption that unconscious self-enhancement and conscious impression management represent separate processes of socially desirable responding (SDR) that can be observed within 2 content domains (egoistic and moralistic bias). In Study 1, we devised egoistic and moralistic SDR scales intended to measure self-enhancement in honest responding and impression management under demands for positive self-presentation. In Study 2, we correlated scores on these scales with external indicators of self-enhancement and impression management. In honest responding, both SDR scales most strongly correlated with self-enhancement indicators, whereas under demands for positive self-presentation they correlated more strongly with external measures of impression management.
2013
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(2013): How social desirability and acquiescence affect the age-personality relationship. In: PSICOTHEMA 25 (3), S. 342-348. DOI: 10.7334/psicothema2012.297
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23910749 Abstract: BACKGROUND Recent studies have suggested that the age-personality relationship may be partially explained by age-related changes in social desirability. In the present study, we analyze how age affects social desirability and acquiescence, and how they affect the age-personality relationship. METHOD We used a specially designed personality test, which provides response bias and personality dimension scores independently of each other. We applied this test to a sample of 3773 individuals aged between 13 and 97 years old (49.69% female) and analyzed the effects of age, sex, and their interactions on response bias and personality dimensions. RESULTS Age affects social desirability and acquiescence, both of which increase with age, and this increase affects the age-personality relationship, especially for dimensions such as Agreeableness or Conscientiousness. CONCLUSIONS The age-related differences found in self-reported personality measures might be partly attributable to age-related increases in response bias. Furthermore, the high scores of elderly people on response bias measures implies that the results of self-reports that do not incorporate any correction for response bias should be viewed with caution, especially when they are obtained in samples of people over 50 years old.
2011
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(2011): Personality and Social Psychology Factors Explaining Sexism. In: Journal of Individual Differences 32 (3), S. 153-160. DOI: 10.1027/1614-0001/a000043
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1027/1614-0001/a000043 Abstract: Previous research has almost exclusively examined sexism (negative attitudes toward women) from either a personality or a social-psychology perspective. In two studies (N = 379 and 182, respectively), we combine these perspectives and examine whether sexism is best explained by personality (Big-Five factors, social dominance orientation, and right-wing authoritarianism) or by socialpsychological (group membership and group identification) variables – or by a combination of both approaches. Causal modeling and multiple regression analyses showed that, with the present set of variables, sexism was best explained by considering the combined influence of both personality- and social-psychology constructs. The findings imply that it is necessary to integrate various approaches to explain prejudice. zitiert von 18
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(2011): Preliminary validation of the construct of trait social intelligence. In: Personality and Individual Differences 50 (6), S. 874-877. DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2010.12.029
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2010.12.029 Abstract: Trait social intelligence (trait SI or trait social self-efficacy) refers to a constellation of social self-perceptions located at the lower levels of personality hierarchies. We present results from two studies testing the validity of this construct, operationalized via the Trait Social Intelligence Questionnaire (TSIQue). From a pool of 130 individuals, 15 high and 15 low trait SI scorers were selected to participate in two laboratory studies. In Study 1, high trait SI participants were significantly more accurate than their low trait SI peers in identifying facial expressions presented on a computer screen; in Study 2, they were significantly more likely to judge some form of apology as appropriate, following a social transgression described in a short vignette. The results provide preliminary support for the validity of the construct of trait SI and of the TSIQue as its operationalization vehicle. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)
2010
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(2010): Compassionate liberals and polite conservatives. Associations of agreeableness with political ideology and moral values. In: Personality & social psychology bulletin 36 (5), S. 655-664. DOI: 10.1177/0146167210366854
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20371797 Abstract: Political conservatism has been characterized by resistance to change and acceptance of inequality, with liberalism characterized by the polar opposite of these values. Political attitudes are heritable and may be influenced by basic personality traits. In previous research, conservatism (vs. liberalism) has been associated positively with Conscientiousness and negatively with Openness-Intellect, consistent with the association of conservatism with resistance to change. Less clear, however, are the personality traits relating to egalitarianism. In two studies, using a personality model that divides each of the Big Five into two aspects, the present research found that one aspect of Agreeableness (Compassion) was associated with liberalism and egalitarianism, whereas the other (Politeness) was associated with conservatism and traditionalism. In addition, conservatism and moral traditionalism were positively associated with the Orderliness aspect of Conscientiousness and negatively with Openness-Intellect. These findings contribute to a more nuanced understanding of personality's relation to political attitudes and values.
Keywords: Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Disziplin, Empathy, Female, Good manners, Entwicklungspsychologie, Höflichkeit, Humans, konservativ, liberal, Male, Middle Aged, Morals, Ontario, Oregon, Personality, Personality Assessment, Persönlichkeitsforschung, Politics, politische Einstellung, Postkasten, Psychologie, Regression Analysis, Schicht, Social Behavior, Social Values, Soziale Angemessenheit, Soziale Klasse, Werte, Young Adult -
(2010) : Effect of social robot’s behavior in collaborative learning: 2010 5th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI): Osaka, Japan: IEEE, S. 195-196
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2010.5453199 Abstract: This paper describes about the effect of social robot’s behavior on human performance. The robot behaves based on an artificial mind model, and it expresses emotions according to the situation. In this research, we consider about the case where human and the robot learn cooperatively. The robot emotionally reacts to the joint learner’s success and failure. The experimental result shows that social behavior of the robot influences the performance of human learners.
Keywords: Animals, Anthropomorphism, APPRAISAL, Artificial intelligence, artificial mind model, collaborative learning, Collaborative work, Computer science education, Engines, groupware, human learners, human performance, Human robot interaction, human-robot interaction, ieee xplore, Künstliche Intelligenz, learning (artificial intelligence), Mobile robots, Personality, robot emotion, Social robot, social robot behavior, Switches