Alle Publikationen
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2018
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(2018): Pervasive, hard-wired and male. Qualitative study of how UK adolescents view alcohol-related aggression. In: PLoS one 13 (2). DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191269
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29408910 Abstract: Laboratory studies of alcohol-inexperienced adolescents show that aggression can be primed by alcohol-related stimuli, suggesting that alcohol-related aggression is partly socially learned. Script theory proposes that alcohol-related aggression 'scripts' for social behaviors are culturally-available and learned by individuals. The purpose of the study was to understand the content and origins of alcohol-related aggression scripts learned by adolescents. This qualitative focus group study of 40 adolescents (ages 14-16 years) examined alcohol-related aggression scripts. Participants believed aggression and severe injury to be pervasive when young people drink. Viewed through a biological lens, participants described aggression as an 'instinctive' and 'hard-wired' male trait facilitated by intoxication. As such, alcohol-related aggression was not seen as intended or personally controllable and participants did not see it in moral terms. Females were largely viewed as either bystanders of inter-male aggression or potential victims of male sexual aggression. Participants attributed their views on the frequency and nature of alcohol-related aggression to current affairs and reality television, which they felt portrayed a reality of which they had little experience. The origins of the explicitly biological frameworks that participants used seemed to lie in pre-existing beliefs about the nature of gender differences. Perceptions of the pervasiveness of male alcohol-related aggression, and the consequent failure to view alcohol-related aggression in moral terms, could dispose some young people to alcohol-related aggression. Interventions could target (1) the beliefs that alcohol-related aggression is pervasive and uncontrollable in males, and (2) participants' dysfunctional views of masculinity that underpin those beliefs.
Keywords: Adolescent, Adolescent Behavior, Aggression, Alcohol Drinking, Alkohol, Annahme, dass Alkoholisiertheit das Verhalten unsteuerbar macht, chemisch / neurologisch / medikamentös / durch Substanzen, Disziplin, Einfluss von Medien, Einfluss von Vorurteilen, Geschlechterrollen, Humans, Male, Psychologie, script, script theory, social behaviour, socially learned, sozial erlerntes Verhalten, sozial konstruiert, Soziologie, United Kingdom 2017
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(2017): Efficacy of an individualized social competence training for children with Oppositional Defiant Disorders/Conduct Disorders. In: Psychotherapy research : journal of the Society for Psychotherapy Research 27 (3), S. 326-337. DOI: 10.1080/10503307.2015.1094587
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26522864 Abstract: OBJECTIVES Group-based Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy of children with aggressive behavior has resulted in significant reductions of behavior problems with small to medium effect sizes. We report the efficacy of an individualized Treatment Program for Children with Aggressive Behavior. METHOD A within-subject design with two phases (waiting, treatment) was chosen. Sixty boys aged 6-12 years with peer-related aggressive behavior were included. The course of the outcome measures (growth rates) during a 6-week waiting phase was compared with those in the subsequent treatment phase (24 weekly child sessions together with an average of 8 parent contacts) by multilevel modeling. Primary outcome was peer-related aggressive behavior rated by parents. Further outcome measures included parent ratings and patient self-reports of aggressive and prosocial behavior. RESULTS During the treatment, growth rates for all parent-rated outcome measures were significant (p < .001) and comparison with the waiting phase indicated a stronger decrease in aggressive behavior and a stronger increase in prosocial behavior. For all self-rated outcome measures, growth rates during the treatment were significant (p < .01), but comparison with the waiting phase indicated a stronger decrease only for disturbance of social interaction. CONCLUSIONS The treatment program is an effective intervention for children with peer-related aggressive behavior.
Keywords: Aggression, Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behaviour, Child, Cognitive Therapy, Conduct Disorder, Disziplin, Group, Humans, Kinder, Male, Mensch mit Behinderung, Methods, Nonverbale Kommunikation, Outcome Assessment (Health Care), Peer Group, physiology, Postkasten, Psychologie, Psychotherapy, social competence training, social competences, Social Skills, Soziale Angemessenheit, Sozialkompetenz, SvA, Therapy, Wartezeit vor einem Akt körperlicher Aggression 2015
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(2015): Moral Identity and Adolescent Prosocial and Antisocial Behaviors. Interactions with Moral Disengagement and Self-regulation. In: Journal of youth and adolescence 44 (8), S. 1542-1554. DOI: 10.1007/s10964-014-0172-1
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-014-0172-1 Abstract: Moral identity has been positively linked to prosocial behaviors and negatively linked to antisocial behaviors; but, the processes by which it is linked to such outcomes are unclear. The purpose of the present study was to examine moral identity not only as a predictor, but also as a moderator of relationships between other predictors (moral disengagement and self-regulation) and youth outcomes (prosocial and antisocial behaviors). The sample consisted of 384 adolescents (42 % female), ages 15–18 recruited from across the US using an online survey panel. Latent variables were created for moral identity, moral disengagement, and self-regulation. Structural equation models assessed these latent variables, and interactions of moral identity with moral disengagement and self-regulation, as predictors of prosocial (charity and civic engagement) and antisocial (aggression and rule breaking) behaviors. None of the interactions were significant predicting prosocial behaviors. F or antis ocial behaviors, the interaction between moral identity and moral disengagement predicted aggression, while the interaction between moral identity and self-regulation was significant in predicting aggression and rule breaking. Specifically, at higher levels of moral identity, the positive link between moral disengagement and aggression was weaker, and the negative link between self-regulation and both antisocial behaviors was weaker. Thus, moral identity may buffer against the maladaptive effects of high moral disengagement and low self-regulation. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)
Keywords: Adolescent, Adolescent Behavior, Aggression, Antisocial Personality Disorder, Female, Humans, Internal-External Control, Male, Moral, Moral Development, Pädagogische Psychologie, Peer Group, Personality, PSYCHOLOGY, Psychology, Adolescent, Self Concept, Surveys and Questionnaires, United States, Verhaltensforschung -
(2015): Verecundia, risa y decoro. Cicerón y el arte de insultar. In: Isegoría (53), S. 445-473. DOI: 10.3989/isegoria.2015.053.01
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3989/isegoria.2015.053.01 Abstract: Sobre la risa puede hablarse de muchas maneras; cabe, por ejemplo, una aproximación fisiológica, otra psicológica o una tercera sociológica, que los antiguos no desatendieron por completo, si bien Cicerón prefirió investigar sus posibilidades retóricas. A nadie se le oculta la relevancia de chanzas y chistes para disponer a la audiencia de manera favorable o para ridiculizar al adversario; tampoco que esta estrategia, a despecho de su efectividad y por la misma, puede sobrepasar los límites de lo aceptable o de lo provechoso. Cuestión tanto más grave cuanto que el orador puede y debe reírse de asuntos que, considerados en sí mismos, carecen de gracia. La retórica ciceroniana de la risa plantea y desemboca en una ética y una táctica del humor atenta al estudio y posible codificación de los principios rectores de tan poderoso recurso, que debe utilizarse de manera conveniente, adecuada y decorosa (pues de todas estas formas puede traducirse la palabra griega prépon y la latina decorum), lo cual presupone que no siempre es así y, por lo que interesa en estas páginas, que hay risas indebidas, próximas al vituperio, que pueden acarrear dificultades a quien las provoca, pues siempre es peligroso reírse de los poderosos. Cicerón, sin duda, era un individuo que insultaba mucho, con ingenio, gracia y en ocasiones con extraordinaria agresividad.~~~
2012
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(2012): Power, defensive denigration, and the assuaging effect of gratitude expression. In: Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 48 (3), S. 778-782. DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2011.12.016
Abstract: This article examines the interactive effects of power, competency threats, and gratitude expression on the tendency to denigrate others. The results of two experiments indicate that (1) power holders whose competence has been threatened are more likely than others to denigrate interaction partners, and (2) receiving gratitude expression has self-affirming effects for insecure power holders. Experiment 1 demonstrated that high-power, but not low-power, individuals who received threatening feedback about their competence denigrated the competence of their partners. Importantly, this tendency was ameliorated when subordinates expressed gratitude for previous help provided from the power holder. Experiment 2 demonstrated that the ameliorating effect of gratitude expression on threatened power holders' tendency to denigrate subordinates is mediated by increased perceptions of social worth. Implications for research on power, gratitude expression, and the self are discussed. zitiert von 22
2011
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(2011): Effects of Prosocial Media on Social Behavior. In: Current Directions in Psychological Science 20 (4), S. 251-255. DOI: 10.1177/0963721411415229
DOI: http://cdp.sagepub.com/ Abstract: Summarized current theoretical and empirical research about the effect of media containing prosocial content and its effects on cognition, affect and behavior. While most studies have focused on violence in the media and addressed concerns about the promotion of aggressiveness, this author seeks to provide information from a different perspective. Study results which show that a prosocial content promotes empathy and helping behavior and/or reduces aggressive thoughts and affect are cited. Research indicates that exposure to prosocial video games increases prosocial outcomes. Studies showed that even neutral content video games were shown to decrease aggressive thoughts and behavior. Music with prosocial lyrics was shown to promote empathic reactions and actually reduce state hostility and aggressive behavior. The general learning model (GLM), which attempts to explain the underlying mechanisms for these reactions, is discussed and recommended as a useful framework. The author calls for further research to clarify the circumstances and the variables (cognitive or affective) which elicit these behavioral reactions.
2010
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(2010): Trolling in asynchronous computer-mediated communication. From user discussions to academic definitions. In: Journal of Politeness Research. Language, Behaviour, Culture 6 (2). DOI: 10.1515/jplr.2010.011
Abstract: Whilst computer-mediated communication (CMC) can benefit users by providing quick and easy communication between those separated by time and space, it can also provide varying degrees of anonymity that may encourage a sense of impunity and freedom from being held accountable for inappropriate online behaviour. As such, CMC is a fertile ground for studying impoliteness, whether it occurs in response to perceived threat (flaming), or as an end in its own right (trolling). Currently, first and second-order definitions of terms such as impoliteness (Brown and Levinson 1987; Bousfield 2008; Culpeper 2008; Terkourafi 2008), in-civility (Lakoff 2005), rudeness (Beebe 1995, Kienpointner 1997, 2008), and etiquette (Coulmas 1992), are subject to much discussion and debate, yet the CMC phenomenon of trolling is not adequately captured by any of these terms. Following Bousfield (in press), Culpeper (2010) and others, this paper suggests that a definition of trolling should be informed first and foremost by user discussions. Taking examples from a 172-million-word, asynchronous CMC corpus, four interrelated conditions of aggression, deception, disruption, and success are discussed. Finally, a working definition of trolling is presented.
2008
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(2008): Students’ reaction to classroom discipline in Australia, Israel, and China. In: Teaching and Teacher Education 24 (3), S. 715-724. DOI: 10.1016/j.tate.2007.05.003
Abstract: This study investigates the extent to which students from Australia, Israel, and China report that their teachers' classroom disciplinary behaviour affects their attitudes towards schoolwork and the teacher. They also report how justifiable a teacher's intervention appeared. In all three settings, both punishment and aggression relate significantly to the level of students' distraction and negative affect towards the teacher. Teachers' recognition of responsible behaviour and discussion with students relate to less distraction and greater belief that the intervention was necessary. Hinting and the involvement of students in classroom discipline decision making relate to a stronger belief that the disciplinary actions. taken are warranted. Implications are discussed. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
2007
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(2007): Violence restrained. Effects of self-regulation and its depletion on aggression. In: Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 43 (1), S. 62-76. DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2005.12.005
Abstract: Aggressive impulses arise from many factors, but they are usually held in check by social norms for self-control. Thus, the proximal cause of aggression is often failure of self-restraint. In five studies, depleted capacity for self-regulation (caused by prior, even irrelevant acts of self-regulation) increased aggressive responding, especially after an insulting provocation. When participants were insulted and their self-regulatory strength was depleted (i.e., after completing previous tasks that required self-regulation), participants were more likely to aggress. When the urge to aggress was relatively weaker (i.e., when participants were not insulted), self-regulatory depletion did not increase aggressive behavior. This effect was moderated by trait self-control: Participants low in trait self-control were particularly likely to express intentions of behaving aggressively in response to provocation, whereas participants high in trait self-control did not express intentions of responding aggressively. Laboratory, autobiographical memory, and hypothetical responses confirmed the pattern. zitiert von 723
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(2007): Effectiveness of the Vienna Social Competence Training on Explicit and Implicit Aggression. In: European Journal of Psychological Assessment 23 (3), S. 150-156. DOI: 10.1027/1015-5759.23.3.150
Abstract: A three-wave longitudinal study investigated the effects of the Vienna Social Competence Training (ViSC), a 13-week school class-based social competence training for adolescents, on explicit and implicit aggressiveness. Explicit aggressiveness was assessed via self-reported behavior in conflict situations; implicit aggressiveness was assessed via an Implicit Association Test (IAT). Furthermore, observer ratings regarding aggressive behavior were obtained from teachers and classmates. The ViSC was implemented in seven school classes; four classes served as controls. Data were taken prior to the training, directly after the training, and 4 months after the training was finished. Between pre- and posttest, no differences between training and control classes were found, whereas between posttest and follow-up an increase in aggressiveness was observed among control, but not among training classes. The psychometric properties of the Aggressiveness-IAT for evaluating training effects are discussed.
1998
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Bierhoff, Hans-Werner (1998): Aggression und Gewalt. Phänomene Ursachen und Interventionen. Ärger, Aggression und Gerechtigkeit: Moralische Empörung und antisoziales Verhalten. Stuttgart [u.a.]: Kohlhammer
Abstract: Der Zusammenhang zwischen Fairness bzw. Unfairness und aggressivem Verhalten wird vorgestellt. Die in der Psychologie bekannten Fairness-Regeln werden skizziert, und es wird gezeigt, dass Verletzungen dieser Regeln drei unterscheidbare Reaktionstypen auslösen: Ärger, Selbstabwertung, zunehmende Leistungsbereitschaft. Insbesondere der Zusammenhang zwischen Ärger und aggressivem Verhalten (im Kontext von Gerechtigkeit und Verantwortung) wird unter Bezugnahme auf empirische Daten behandelt. Im weiteren wird die Theorie der relativen Deprivation beschrieben, die sich mit dem Phänomen des Ärgers aufgrund steigender Erwartungen befasst und die einen Spezialfall wahrgenommener Unfairness darstellt. Abschließend wird diskutiert, ob die Auslösung von Ärger und Aggression durch Unfairness und Verletzung normativer Erwartungen eher soziobiologisch oder eher soziokulturell erklärt werden kann.
1993
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(1993): Aggressivität im Kindes- und Jugendalter. Entstehung, Ausdrucksformen, Interventionen. 2. Aufl.. München [u.a.]: Reinhardt
Abstract: Aggressivität stellt sich der Umgebung meist als erschreckendes zwischenmenschliches Beziehungsproblem dar. Die Reaktionen darauf sind Betroffenheit, Hilflosigkeit oder Gegenwehr. Häufig veranlasst aggressives Verhalten zum Rückzug. Ein Anliegen des Buches ist es, Aggressivität als Teil menschlicher Antriebsdynamik zu betrachten, deren Entstehen sich aus der Entwicklungsgeschichte eines Individuums verstehen lässt. Der dazu vorgestellte entwicklungsgeschichtliche Ansatz öffnet Zugänge zu vier unterschiedlichen Ausdrucksformen von Aggressivität. Daraus leiten sich unterschiedliche Interventionen ab, die alle das Ziel verfolgen, dem Individuum seine Antriebsdynamik zu erhalten und zu stärken, aber sein aggressives Verhalten in kooperative Umgangsformen umzuwandeln. - Inhalt: (1) Ausgewählte Hypothesen zur Entstehung von Aggressivität. (2) Ausdrucksformen der Aggressivität. (3) Fallbeispiele. (4) Entstehungsbedingungen konstruktiver Antriebsdynamik sowie defizitärer und destruktiver Aggressivität. (5) Auswirkungen gestörter und zerstörerischer Aggressionsdynamik. (6) Hilfen zur Sozialisierung der Aggressionsdynamik #422Regulierung von Fehlentwicklungen der Antriebsdynamik; Bewältigung von Autoaggressionen; Normalisierung defizitärer und destruktiver Aggressivität; Unterstützung konstruktiver Antriebsdynamik#423.
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