Alle Publikationen
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2017
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(2017): Coupling social norms and commitments. Testing the underdetected nature of social influence. In: Journal of Environmental Psychology 51, S. 199-208. DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvp.2017.03.015
Abstract: Normative information has shown success in promoting proenvironmental behavior. Research suggests that its influence is largely underdetected, with recipients widely underestimating its impact. Consequently, behavioral changes induced by normative information should be perceived as intrinsically motivated. This hypothesis was tested with a commitment-making procedure, where intrinsically motivated commitments tend to produce relatively long-term behavioral changes and extrinsically motivated commitments tend to produce relatively short-term changes. In a field experiment, 8876 households under drought restrictions were randomly assigned to receive restriction information, a strong warning, or normative information communicating community compliance to restrictions. Subsets of households in the latter two conditions were asked to commit to adhering to water restrictions. Immediate reductions were evidenced for committers that received either a strong warning or normative information, but only committers that received normative information showed longer-term reductions in water use. These findings support the claim that normative influence's underdetected nature promotes intrinsic motivation.
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(2017): Are environmental issues moral issues?. Moral identity in relation to protecting the natural world. In: Journal of Environmental Psychology 52, S. 104-113. DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvp.2017.06.004
Abstract: As environmental issues continually increase in our world, no research has studied how moral identity (defined as moral values and motivation) relates to an individual's tendency towards environmental involvement. We conducted two studies to examine this relationship. In Study I, 164 university students filled out a questionnaire to assess their moral identities and environmental involvement. A person-center approach was used to analyze individual moral identity. It indicated three clusters of moral identity: self-transcendence, mixed, and self-enhancement. It was found that only the self-transcendence (benevolence-care and universalism-concern) cluster positively predicted environmental involvement. In Study II, we used a narrative approach to assess moral motivations in a group of environmental activists and environmental non-activists. The results revealed three motivations of participants whom scored high in environmental involvement: 1) Concern for other species; 2) Vigilance for the environment; 3) Personal disgust towards environmentally irresponsible others. In contrast, we identified two overarching themes of self-interest and apathy among participants who scored low in the environmental involvement. These common themes contain moral values and motivations that echo their environmental commitments.
2016
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(2016): Intergenerational Fairness and the Crowding Out Effects of Well-Intended Environmental Policies. In: Journal of Management Studies 53 (5), S. 878-910. DOI: 10.1111/joms.12202
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/joms.12202 Abstract: Sustainability involves the drive to ensure intergenerational fairness. However, the results of actions taken to achieve sustainability often lie far into the future and efforts to promote the welfare of distant generations may or may not ultimately be successful. While both governmental policies and entrepreneurial innovation have been cited as being indispensable to the achievement of sustainability, the manner in which they co‐exist and interact over very long periods of time remains unclear. Using a computational model spanning more than two centuries, this study asks: Do well‐intended environmental policies facilitate or inhibit environmental entrepreneurship? By simultaneously considering both the ethical and economic consequences of efforts to arrest environmental degradation, our study answers the call to develop multi‐disciplinary perspectives and integrative frameworks when addressing the challenges of sustainable existence. Contrary to widely held perceptions, our findings suggest that policy actions may, in the long run, result in less intergenerational fairness by crowding out environmentally desirable innovations and organizations. Our examination of the long‐term interactions between policies and markets offers insights and opportunities for scholars, entrepreneurs, environmentalists, ethicists and policymakers to develop solutions that preserve and extend the essential contributions of both policy actions and entrepreneurial innovations. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)
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(2016): Explaining Car Drivers’ Intention to Prevent Road-Traffic Noise. In: Environment and Behavior 48 (6), S. 826-853. DOI: 10.1177/0013916515570476
Abstract: Analyzed predictors of car drivers' intention to prevent road traffic noise and studied the effects of noise exposure, noise sensitivity, and noise annoyance on problem awareness. 1,002 car drivers participated in a two-wave longitudinal survey over four months. Predictor analysis was based on the norm activation model (i.e., personal norm, problem awareness, awareness of consequences, social norm, and value orientations). Results show that personal norm had a large prospective effect on intention, even when the previous level of intention was controlled for, and mediated the effect of all other variables on intention. Almost 60% of variance in personal norm was explained by problem awareness, social norm, and biospheric value orientation. The effects of noise sensitivity and noise exposure on problem awareness were small and mediated by noise annoyance. In conclusion, four communication strategies for strengthening the intention to prevent road-traffic noise in car drivers are proposed.
2015
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(2015): Affixing the theory of normative conduct (to your mailbox). Injunctive and descriptive norms as predictors of anti-ads sticker use. In: Journal of Environmental Psychology 44, S. 1-9. DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvp.2015.08.003
Abstract: Examined the influence of proenvironmental descriptive and injunctive norms on individual's decisions to put antiadvertisement/junk mail stickers on their mailboxes. 383 households were randomly assigned to one of six experimental conditions and effects were tested over a thee-week period. This field experiment was based on a 2 (descriptive norm: salient vs non-salient) x 3 (injunctive norm: non-salient vs salient with general reference group vs salient with local reference group) design. Results indicate that the intervention to distribute anti-ads stickers was very useful. Having an injunctive norm (to attach the sticker to the mailbox) and a high descriptive norm (e.g., many neighbors are participating) can increase effectiveness significantly. The authors recommend that stickers be inserted into each mailbox and combined with messages that focus on a proenvironmental and prosticker injunctive norm, and address a general reference group (e.g., households as citizens).
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(2015): Using social norms and commitment to promote pro-environmental behavior among hotel guests. In: Journal of Environmental Psychology 44, S. 10-15. DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvp.2015.09.001
Abstract: Examined whether using social norms and commitment strategies promotes proenvironmental behavior among hotel guests. Four different messages were created to encourage guests to reuse their towels, each pertaining to a special experimental situation. Signs/cards using a normative appeal encouraged guests to help preserve natural resources, noting that 75% of the hotel guests opt to reuse their bath towels. In the rooms using a commitment strategy, guests were asked to show their commitment to support the hotel's proenvironmental initiative in reusing towels by hanging the message card on their door. Guests from 110 rooms (a total of 803 overnight stays) in a four-star hotel participated. Results confirmed that both strategies were effective in triggering sustainable behavior. The joint use of the two strategies did not prove to be more effective than using either of the strategies in isolation.
2014
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(2014): A towel less. Social norms enhance pro-environmental behavior in hotels. In: The Journal of Social Psychology 154 (2), S. 97-100. DOI: 10.1080/00224545.2013.855623
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24765814 Abstract: Previous research has shown that normative appeals to engage in environmentally friendly behavior were most effective when they were accompanied by a provincial norm (e.g., when norms matched individuals' immediate situational circumstances). Analyzing hotel guests' towel-use during their stay, the current study tests whether messages employing provincial norms were more effective in reducing towel-use than standard environmental messages. In line with previous findings, guests of two hotels used significantly fewer towels when provincial normative appeals--rather than standard environmental messages--were communicated. These findings corroborate to the body of research demonstrating the power of social norms on environmental behavior.
2012
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(2012): Reclaiming our moral agency through healing. A call to moral, social, environmental activists. In: Journal of Moral Education 41 (3), S. 311-327. DOI: 10.1080/03057240.2012.691628
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/03057240.2012.691628 Abstract: This paper makes the case that environmental education needs to be taken up as a moral education to the extent that we see the connection between harm and destruction in the environment and harm and destruction within human individuals and their relationship, and proceeds to show this connection by introducing the key notion of human alienation and its psychological factors of wounding, dissociation or split, self and other oppression and exploitation, all of which result in compromised moral agency. To this end, the paper further … zitiert von: 17
2007
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(2007) : Ecological norm orientation and private car use In: Gärling, Tommy; Steg, Linda (Hg.): Threats from car traffic to the quality of urban life: Problems, causes, and solutions: Amsterdam; Oxford: Elsevier, S. 251-271
Abstract: Discusses the question of how far ecological motives generally exert an influence on everyday environmentally friendly behavior and presents theoretical models that explain the effect of an ecological norm orientation on behavior, suggesting an integrative norm activation model that focuses on personal norms and their relevance for car use. Topics discussed include (1) the impact of environmental concern and ecological norms as well as personal and social norms, (2) the reduction of individual car use, (3) a modified norm activation theory as an integrated model that addresses the progressive model stages of (a) attention phase, (b) motivation and evaluation phase, (c) denial (i.e., reassessment and redefinition of the situation), and (d) the blocking effects of car-use habits, and (4) an ecological norm orientation as a starting point to change car-use behavior, including building up personal ecological norms, strategies to activate and stabilize personal norms, and preconditions for the implementation of norm-focused strategies. The authors point out that a great demand not only for interventions but also for theory-driven intervention studies in the domain of individual car use exist, noting that the studies of individual car use concentrating on car-related behaviors other than the mode choice and the role of norms has mostly been neglected.
2004
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Dieckmann, Friedrich (2004): Psychologie und gebaute Umwelt. Konzepte, Methoden, Anwendungsbeispiele. Institut Wohnen und Umwelt. Nachdr. Darmstadt: Inst. Wohnen und Umwelt
1999
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(1999): Umweltpsychologie. Ein Lehrbuch. Göttingen: Hogrefe Verl. für Psychologie
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(1999): Soziale Normen als Prädiktoren von umweltbezogenem Verhalten. In: Zeitschrift für Sozialpsychologie 30, S. 40-56. Online verfügbar unter https://econtent.hogrefe.com/doi/full/10.1024//0044-3514.30.1.40
Abstract: In zwei Untersuchungen in Gießen (N = 68) und Dresden (N = 74) bei Mitarbeitern mittelständischer industrieller Betriebe wurde in unterschiedlichen sozialen Kontexten untersucht, welche Prädiktoren umweltbezogenes Verhalten bestimmen. Mittels Fragebogen wurden dazu in Anlehnung an die Theorie des überlegten Handelns umweltbewußte Einstellungen in den Lebensbereichen «Arbeit» und «Familie», die soziale Identität, die umweltbezogenen sozialen Normen und das Umweltverhalten erfaßt. Dabei wurden Einstellungen und soziale Norm sowohl auf globaler als auch auf spezifischer Ebene erhoben. Das umweltbewußte Verhalten bezog sich auf die Problemfelder Abfallvermeidung und -trennung, umweltbezogenes Engagement, Ressourcenschonung und Giftstoffe. In multiplen Regressionsanalysen war in beiden Untersuchungen und in beiden Lebensbereichen ein signifikanter Einfluß der sozialen Normen auf das selbstberichtete Verhalten nachweisbar, wobei das Verhalten eher durch die spezifischen als durch die globalen Normen vorhergesagt werden konnte. Die Wirksamkeit dieser Normen wird nicht durch die Identifikation mit der Bezugsgruppe moderiert. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß umweltbezogene Einstellungen, Verhalten und Normen in zwei Bereichen durchaus differieren können. Soziale Normen sind verhaltenswirksamer als Einstellungen, so daß Verhaltensänderungen weniger auf individueller als auf sozialer Ebene ansetzen sollten.
1985
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(1985): Eine Untersuchung zum Umweltschutz-Verhalten (Wegwerf-Verhalten). Einstellungs-Verfügbarkeit und soziale Normen als Verhaltensprädiktoren. In: Zeitschrift für Sozialpsychologie 16 (3)
Abstract: Der Vorhersagewert von Einstellung, Einstellungsverfügbarkeit und sozialen Normen für das Umweltschutzverhalten wird untersucht. 102 Studierende wurden zum Umgang mit Abfall in verschiedenen Situationen, zur Verfügbarkeit ("accessibility") solcher Einstellungen (Sicherheit des Einstellungsurteils, persönliche Bedeutsamkeit der Einstellung, Aktivität und Engagement in Sachen Umweltschutz) und zu Familien- und Freundesnormen befragt. Der Zusammenhang zwischen Einstellung und in Interviews berichtetem Verhalten betrug 0.49. Nur bei Personen mit hoher Einstellungsverfügbarkeit im Sinne von Aktivität beim Umweltschutz fiel er höher aus. Das Einstellungsmerkmal "Verfügbarkeit" beeinflusste überdies teilweise den Zusammenhang zwischen sozialen Normen und offenem Verhalten; bei geringer Einstellungsverfügbarkeit leisteten soziale Normen eine bessere Verhaltensvorhersage als Einstellungen.
1975
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(1975): The environment and social behavior. Privacy, personal space, territory, crowding. Monterey, Calif.: Brooks/Cole Publ
1920
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(1920): Theoretische Biologie. Berlin: Paetel
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