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2017
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(2017) : Benevolent sexism and cross-gender helping: A subtle reinforcement of existing gender relations.: Intergroup Helping: Berlin, Germany: Axel Springer SE, S. 23-43, zuletzt geprüft am 03.06.2018
Abstract: Cross-gender helping interactions can perpetuate and consolidate the role of men as competent and agentic, and the role of women as passive, incompetent, and dependent. Our theorising integrates the logic of the Intergroup Helping as Status Relations model (IHSR) on the one hand, and research on benevolent sexism—the ideology that men should offer protection and affection to women in return for compliance with traditional gender roles—on the other. Specifically, we reasoned that because benevolent sexism maintains gender inequalities through paternalistic cooperation rather than through overt hostility and conflict, helping relations may play a crucial role in the process of translating this ideology into actual behavioural mechanisms that perpetuate traditional gender roles. In the following sections, we first present theorising and research on the IHSR, which puts forward the distinction between autonomy-oriented and dependency-oriented forms of intergroup helping, suggesti ng that the latter might serve as a subtle mechanism for maintaining intergroup inequality. We next present theorising and research on benevolent sexism, and explain how this ideology reinforces traditional gender roles through 'sweet persuasion' rather than coercion. We then discuss our own line of research, which demonstrates how the endorsement of benevolent sexism leads men and women to engage in dependency-oriented helping relations, which perpetuate traditional gender roles through seemingly cooperative interactions. Based on this research, we argue that helping relations between men and women can become an implicit, indirect mechanism for maintaining the gender hierarchy. We discuss this possibility in the light of related work on the psychological consequences of implicit—as opposed to explicit—forms of intergroup bias. We conclude by discussing the implications of our work for social change, and by outlining forms of cross-gender helping that may challenge rathe r than m aintain the existing gender hierarchy. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved)
2016
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(2016) : Sexism In: Nelson, Todd D.: Handbook of prejudice, stereotyping, and discrimination: Second edition: New York, NY; London: Psychology Press, Taylor & Francis Group, S. 315-336
Abstract: Examines sexism and comments on recent research investigating various aspects of it. Concepts and findings regarding typical gender stereotypes, modern sexism, and neosexism are discussed. A particular focus is placed on the issue of ambivalent sexism and how females can be oppressed and loved at the same time through benevolent sexist beliefs such as paternalism or chivalry when based on perceived gender inequality. Sexism in romantic relationships is also addressed in depth. The author concludes with a review of the consequences of sexism and suggestions for confronting and reducing it.
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