Alle Publikationen
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2017
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(2017): That robot touch that means so much. On the psychological effects of human-robot touch. Universität Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg-Essen. Online verfügbar unter http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:hbz:464-20170201-113456-7.
Abstract: Examined the physiological and psychological effects of human-robot touch. Four empirical studies were conducted that untangled the perception of human-robot touch referring to research on interpersonal touch, to test whether the media equation also applies to a fundamental interpersonal phenomenon such as touch. Therefore, the perception of different forms of human-robot touch with different robots in different interaction contexts were first considered by means of observation and evaluation of photographs. In addition, the underlying appraisal process that decides upon the final reaction to robot touch was theoretically and practically considered based on expectancy violations theory. In Studies 1-3 a total of 579 participants (aged 18-68 years) completed qualitative interviews (Study 1), questionnaires (Study 2), or an online experiment (Study 3). Studies 1 and 2 specifically examined the perception, interpretation, and evaluation as well as acceptance of HRT. Study 3 investigated the influence of context on the interpretation and evaluation of HRT. The questionnaires and surveys contained items from the Self-Assessment Manikin (SAM), Need for Interpersonal Touch Scale (NFIPT), Touch Avoidance Measure (TAM), Negative Attitudes towards Robots Scale (NARS), Inclusion of Other in the Self (IOS), Interpersonal Attraction Scale (IAS), and Attributional Confidence Scale (CL-7). In Study 4, actual touch initiated by a robot to 49 participants (aged 18-30 years) in a laboratory experiment were regarded and analyzed with respect to the impact of robot touch on participants' subjective evaluation, as well as on observable reactions as laughing, compliance and helping. Participants completed the SAM, NARS, NFIPT, Relational Communication Scale, Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS), Interpersonal Communication Satisfaction Inventory, Robot Anxiety Scale (RAS), and UCLA Loneliness Scale. In conclusion, influencing variables that determine the desirability of human-robot touch were revealed, namely characteristics of the robot (morphology and size), characteristics of the person (e.g., attitudes towards touch, attitudes towards robots, touch expectancies), the intimacy and direction of touch, i.e., who touches whom, and the meaning assigned to human-robot touch regarding relational interpretations of closeness and affection. Finally, positive emotional reactions to actual robot-initiated touch, and heightened compliance could be observed in Study 4.
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(2017): A Dual-Identity Model of Responses to Deviance in Online Groups. Integrating Social Identity Theory and Expectancy Violations Theory. In: Communication Theory 27 (3), S. 243-268. DOI: 10.1111/comt.12113
Abstract: Several theories have sought to address responses to normatively deviant behavior, but have done so with a focus either on group‐level or on individual‐level behavior. Yet, due to some characteristics of online contexts, identities can be salient at both a group and/or individual level, creating a more complex set of influences on responding to deviance. We explore responses to online communicative deviance by integrating social identity approaches (a group‐level perspective) and expectancy violations theory (an individual‐level perspective). Social identity emphasizes the role of group identification in responding to deviance, especially relevant in anonymous online contexts, while expectancy violations theory notes how individuals respond to ambiguous deviance through assessing the reward value of the deviant. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved)
2016
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(2016): Interpersonal Expectations, Expectancy Violations, and Emotional Communication. In: Journal of Language and Social Psychology 12 (1-2), S. 30-48. DOI: 10.1177/0261927X93121003
Abstract: Discusses key concepts and propositions of expectancy violations theory and applies them to emotional communication. It is proposed that emotional experience and expression can be understood according to what experiences and expressions are expected in interpersonal relationships, the extent to which enacted expressions deviate positively or negatively from expectancies, the degree to which other types of expectancy violations engender emotional expressions, and the effects of deviating from entrenched patterns of emotional expression.
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(2016): Application of Expectancy Violations Theory to communication with and judgments about embodied agents during a decision-making task. In: International Journal of Human-Computer Studies 91, S. 24-36. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijhcs.2016.02.002
Abstract: Because users treat embodied agents (EAs) as social actors, users hold expectations about human-to-EA communication (HtEAC) similar to those in human-to-human communication. This study extends Expectancy Violations Theory (EVT) to examine how different forms of interfaces that confirm or violate user expectations affect the communication process, social judgments, ability to influence, and accuracy of recall associated with HtEAC. Positive violations of expectancy are acts or characteristics of the EA that are unexpected but evaluated favorably by the human partner. Results suggest that when the EA deviates from expectations, effects on the HtEAC process and related outcomes can be more pronounced. EAs evaluated as positive violations had more favorable effects on task attractiveness than other human or EA interaction partners. As predicted by EVT, EA interactions that were positively evaluated elicited more perceived connectedness, feelings of being understood/receptivity, and dependability than those EA interactions evaluated negatively. However, negative violations did not produce worse outcomes than negative confirmations. EVT offers a useful lens for examining the communication effects of HtEAC and points to benefits of creating EAs that evoke positive violations of expectancy. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved)
2010
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(2010): Perceptions of Swearing in the Work Setting. An Expectancy Violations Theory Perspective. In: Communication Reports 23 (2), S. 106-118. DOI: 10.1080/08934215.2010.511401
Abstract: This study investigates perceptions of swearing from an expectancy violations perspective. Degree of expectancy violation is hypothesized to depend on several communicator, relationship, contextual, and message characteristics. Results support that expectancy violations are related to the formality of the situation in which swearing occurs and the specific swearing phrase. No support is found for swearer’s sex or status as predictors of expectancy violations. Hearer’s degree of surprise perceived is associated with perceptions that the speaker is incompetent. These results support the usefulness of expectancy violations theory as an explanation for perceptions of swearing. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)
Keywords: expectancy violations theory, Kommunikation 2008
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(2008) : Expectancy violations theory and interaction adaptation theory In: Baxter, Leslie A.; Braithwaite, Dawn O. (Hg.): Engaging theories in interpersonal communication: Multiple perspectives: Los Angeles: Sage, S. 423-437
Abstract: An understanding of the Expectancy Violations Theory (EVT)can be gained by considering the following question: When unexpected things happen, what determines if we see the event as a surprise or a disappointment? A key difference is how the event relates to what we expect, which influences how we interpret the event. For instance, imagine a new coworker who at first seems rather distant and standoffish whom you appear to have little in common. As a result, you do not talk much with him and know little about him. One day after a departmental dinner he brings you a pound of a special type of rice that had been served at the meal that you had particularly enjoyed. His actions definitely violate your expectations. After that, his distant behavior appears differently, and you begin to interact with him differently. One theoretical perspective that helps to explain how we interpret and react to these types of situations is EVT. The most recent extensions of many ideas from EVT are found in Interaction Adaptation Theory (IAT), a conceptual framework that helps to explain and predict how communicators manage to coordinate interaction behavior and how adaptation forms the foundation for effective relationships. EVT is a post-positivistic theory that seeks to explain and predict how communicators assess behavior that deviates from expectation and how they respond communicatively to such violations. The theory focuses heavily on nonverbal aspects of interaction but has been used to analyze a range of communication behaviors and contexts. Interaction Adaptation Theory is similar in its orientation but more directly addresses behavioral responses to unexpected behavior. Both theories follow a hypothetico-deductive approach, which means they utilize a set of concepts (such as expectancies, communicator characteristics, violations) to posit specific predictions about the outcomes of interaction. The goal of the theories is to provide a framework that allows researchers to posit hypotheses and to test specific predictions across different interaction contexts. In the following section, the concepts central to EVT are described and how these ideas have been incorporated into IAT are discussed. The chapter includes meta-theoretical assumptions of the theories, main features of the theories, the conceptualization of communication in the theories, uses of the theories, their strengths and limitations, and finally, suggestions for future research. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)
2007
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(2007) : Cross-Cultural and Intercultural Applications of Expectancy Violations Theory and Interaction Adaptation Theory In: Gudykunst, William B.: Theorizing about intercultural communication, 480503: 2. [print.]: Thousand Oaks, Calif. [u.a.]: Sage, S. 194-214
Abstract: That all cultures have communication expectancies seems patently obvious. Whether cast as cultural display rules (Ekman & Friesen, 1969) or cognitive schemata for processing social information (Planalp, 1985; Schank & Abelson, 1977; Taylor & Crocker, 1981), every culture has guidelines for human conduct that carry associated anticipations for how others will behave. Those guidelines and anticipations manifest in interactions between people. Intercultural communication, then, involves communicators adjusting and influencing the behaviors of each other, partly through the lens of expectations. The question for communication scholars is whether greater understanding of human relations within and between cultures can be achieved by examining the patterns of adaptation that occur in such interactions and the effects of people's adherence to and deviations from those expectations. Two theories that answer the question in the affirmative are expectancy violations theory (EVT; Burgoon, 1978, 1983, 1986, 1992, 1993; Burgoon & Hale, 1988; Burgoon & Le Poire, 1993); Hale & Burgoon, 1984; Le Poire & Burgoon, 1994) and interaction adaptation theory (IAT; Burgoon, Stern, & Dillman, 1995). Our objectives in this chapter are (a) to describe the key principles of EVT and IAT and (b) to articulate some of the cross-cultural and intercultural applications of the theories. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved)
1999
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(1999) : Contemporary nonverbal theories of message exchange. In: Guerrero, Laura K.; DeVito, Joseph A.; Hecht, Michael L. (Hg.): The nonverbal communication reader: Classic and contemporary readings: 2nd ed.: Prospect Heights: Waveland, S. 471-518
Abstract: 'Accommodating Nonverbally' / Howard Giles and Paul Mark Wadleigh / Discusses convergence and divergence and other basic concepts of communication accommodation theory. / 'Expectancy Violations Theory' / Kory Floyd, Artemio Ramirez, Jr. and Judee K. Burgoon / According to the expectancy violations theory, communication partners respond differently to increased or decreased intimacy depending on whether they think the other partner is rewarding or unrewarding. / 'Explaining Face-to-Face Interaction: Discrepancy-Arousal Theory' / Joseph N. Cappella / According to the discrepancy-arousal theory, arousal in the form of cognitive activation occurs when a communication partner's behavior is discrepant from what was expected. / 'Creating Close Relationships through Nonverbal Communication: A Cognitive Valence Approach' / Peter A. Andersen / According to the cognitive valence theory, immediacy and arousal levels and other factors interact to affect approach or avoidance in relational communication. / 'Converging on the Phenomenon of Interpersonal Adaptation: Interaction Adaptation Theory' / Nathan Miczo, Lisa E. Allspach and Judee K. Burgoon / According to the interaction adaptation theory, communication partners respond based on required factors, expectations, and desires. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)
Keywords: expectancy violations theory, Kommunikation -
Guerrero, Laura K.; DeVito, Joseph A.; Hecht, Michael L. (Hg.) (1999): The nonverbal communication reader. Classic and contemporary readings. 2nd ed.. Prospect Heights: Waveland
Abstract: 'Accommodating Nonverbally' / Howard Giles and Paul Mark Wadleigh / Discusses convergence and divergence and other basic concepts of communication accommodation theory. / 'Expectancy Violations Theory' / Kory Floyd, Artemio Ramirez, Jr. and Judee K. Burgoon / According to the expectancy violations theory, communication partners respond differently to increased or decreased intimacy depending on whether they think the other partner is rewarding or unrewarding. / 'Explaining Face-to-Face Interaction: Discrepancy-Arousal Theory' / Joseph N. Cappella / According to the discrepancy-arousal theory, arousal in the form of cognitive activation occurs when a communication partner's behavior is discrepant from what was expected. / 'Creating Close Relationships through Nonverbal Communication: A Cognitive Valence Approach' / Peter A. Andersen / According to the cognitive valence theory, immediacy and arousal levels and other factors interact to affect approach or avoidance in relational communication. / 'Converging on the Phenomenon of Interpersonal Adaptation: Interaction Adaptation Theory' / Nathan Miczo, Lisa E. Allspach and Judee K. Burgoon / According to the interaction adaptation theory, communication partners respond based on required factors, expectations, and desires. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)
1998
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(1998): An Empirical Comparison of Three Theories of Nonverbal Immediacy Exchange. In: Human Communication Research 24 (4), S. 501-535. DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2958.1998.tb00429.x
Abstract: This study provides a contrastive test of 3 immediacy-exchange theories: J. K. Burgoon's (1978) expectancy violations theory (EVT), J. M. Cappella and J. O. Greene's (1984) discrepancy-arousal theory (DAT), and P. A. Andersen's (1993) cognitive valence theory (CVT). EVT predicts that high immediacy, by rewarding communicators, leads to an orientation response and positive behavioral and affective outcomes. In contrast, DAT and CVT predict aversive arousal and compensatory responses in response to high immediacy increases. Findings from 48 opposite-sex friend dyads failed to find unequivocal support for a single theory. Targets showed a mix of reciprocal and compensatory responses in the higher immediacy condition, indicating that existing immediacy exchange theories should consider incorporating elements from all 3 theories and perhaps from dialectics theory to explain the complex reactions that occur in response to high immediacy changes from friends. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved)
Keywords: expectancy violations theory, Kommunikation 1997
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(1997): Evaluations of Ingroup and Outgroup Members. The Role of Category-Based Expectancy Violation. In: Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 33 (3), S. 244-275. DOI: 10.1006/jesp.1996.1323
Abstract: xamines the role of category-based expectancy (CBE) violation in explaining extreme evaluations of ingroup and outgroup members. In 3 experiments with 535 undergraduates, descriptions about ingroup and outgroup targets were varied to manipulate expectancy violation. Participants evaluated the global favorability and rated the trait characteristics of either an ingroup or an outgroup target. In addition, they indicated the extent to which the targets violated CBEs. Exp 1, which included 2 different scenarios that violated CBEs, showed that expectancy violation affected global evaluations of target favorability and that measured expectancies mediated these evaluations. Exp 2 replicated Exp 1 and showed that ingroup and outgroup targets were evaluated similarly when CBEs were not violated. Exp 3 presented positive job resumes that violated or did not violate stereotyped expectancies for female and male job applicants. The results showed that female and male targets were evaluated more positively when they violated stereotyped expectations for their gender group and that these outcomes were not modified by the S's group membership. The results are discussed in terms of expectancy-violation theory as well as assumed characteristics and cognitive-complexity theories. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved)
Keywords: expectancy violations theory 1996
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(1996): The Nature of Stereotypes II. A Multiple-Process Model of Evaluations1. In: Journal of Applied Social Psychology 26 (4), S. 283-312. DOI: 10.1111/j.1559-1816.1996.tb01851.x
Abstract: Tested a model integrating 3 theoretical perspectives regarding how stereotypes influence person perception . The theories included evaluative extremity theories, assumed characteristics theory, and expectancy violation theory. Predictions were assessed by manipulating the ethnicity, personal appearance, and speech style of target job applicants. These applicants were rated by 109 judges (White undergraduates). Results show that: (1) Judges evaluated job applicants far more on the basis of their personal appearance and speech style than on the basis of their ethnicity; (2) the range of evaluations of African American applicants was larger than the range of evaluations of White applicants; and (3) overall, judges evaluated the African American applicants more favorably than the White applicants. Results strongly support the model integrating the 3 theories. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)
Keywords: expectancy violations theory, Sozialpsychologie 1995
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(1995): Effects of Preinteraction Expectancies and Target Communication on Perceiver Reciprocity and Compensation in Dyadic Interaction. In: Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 31 (4), S. 287-321. DOI: 10.1006/jesp.1995.1014
Abstract: The current investigation examined the influence of expectancies and target communication on perceiver behavior during social interaction. Two common adaptation patterns in interpersonal interaction are reciprocity and compensation, both of which may occur in response to another′s interaction behavior or in anticipation of it. Expectancy signaling literature predicts that perceivers should initially reciprocate the behaviors they expect from a target. Strategic communication models predict that perceivers induced to hold preinteraction expectancies will reciprocate expected pleasant behavior but compensate for anticipated unpleasant behavior. Interaction adaptation theories hold that perceivers will adapt their behavior to the target′s actual (rather than expected) communication, reciprocating desired behavior as a way of reinforcing it and compensating undesired behavior as a way of modeling the preferred pattern. Expectancy violations theory holds that the choice of interaction pattern will also be moderated by the rewardingness of the target. An experiment crossed positive and negative preinteraction expectancies with greatly increased pleasantness (a positive violation) or decreased pleasantness (a negative violation) by target confederates. Overall, results conformed most closely to the interpersonal adaption theory explanation, with some influence also due to target valence and violation status. Perceivers interacting with pleasant targets reciprocated increased pleasantness initially and over time. Those interacting with unpleasant targets (a) matched the target in adopting a lower level of pleasantness/involvement on average, (b) showed modest compensation or nonadaptation on channel-specific measures but reciprocity on global ones over time, and (c) showed the most compensation when the unpleasant behavior followed a positive expectancy. Preinteraction expectancies yielded modest effects but did intensify or attenuate results relative to their absence, a conclusion corroborated by intraclass correlation analyses.
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(1995) : Cross-cultural and intercultural applications of expectancy violations theory In: Wiseman, Richard L.: Intercultural communication theory: Thousand Oaks, Calif. [u.a.]: Sage Publ (International and intercultural communication annual), S. 327-348
Abstract: [suggests] that all cultures have communication expectancies / every culture has guidelines for human conduct that carry associated anticipations for how others will behave / the question for communication scholars is whether greater understanding of human relations within and between cultures can be achieved by examining the effects of people's adherence to and deviations from those expectations / one theory that answers the question in the affirmative is expectancy violations theory [EVT] objectives . . . are (a) to articulate some of the key principles of EVT and (b) to consider their universality in predicting and explaining interpersonal interactions within and between disparate cultures / confine the current analysis to 4 other communication functions: relational communication, conversational management, impression management, and social influence (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)
1987
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(1987): The nature of stereotypes. A comparison and integration of three theories. In: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 52 (3), S. 536-546. DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.52.3.536
Abstract: the present research we examined predictions derived from the following three theoretical approaches to stereotyping: complexity-extremity theory, assumed characteristics theory, and expectancy-violation theory. In order to assess these predictions, we manipulated the race, personal appearance, and dialect style of target job applicants. White judges rated these applicants of a set of characteristics relevant to hiring decisions. Results were consistent with all three theories. Specifically, the range of judges' evaluations of black applicants was larger than the range of their evaluations of white applicants; the effects of personal appearance and dialect style were larger that the effects of race; and black applicants, on average, received more favorable ratings than white applicants. We present a model integrating all three perspectives, and we demonstrate its usefulness for explaining our results and for understanding past research on stereotypes. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)
Keywords: expectancy violations theory, Sozialpsychologie
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