Alle Publikationen
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2017
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(2017): Kant, Oppression, and the Possibility of Nonculpable Failures to Respect Oneself. In: The Southern Journal of Philosophy 55 (3), S. 285-305. DOI: 10.1111/sjp.12242
Abstract: I argue that Kant's ethical framework cannot countenance a certain kind of failure to respect oneself that can occur within oppressive social contexts. Kant's assumption that any person, qua rational being, has guaranteed epistemic access to the moral law as the standard of good action and the capacity to act upon this standard makes autonomy an achievement within the individual agent's power, but this is contrary to a feminist understanding of autonomy as a relational achievement that can be thwarted by the systematic attack on autonomy that occurs within oppressive social conditions. Insofar as Kant's negative duty of self-respect is unable to accommodate the ways immersion in oppressive social environments can warp an individual's understanding of what she is owed and capable of as a moral agent, it perpetuates the cruelty of unjust social systems in the guise of respecting individual autonomy. I conclude by considering Carol Hay's argument that those who are oppressed have an obligation to themselves to resist their own oppression, in order to explore how this limitation in how Kant conceives of the duty to respect the self may reach expression in contemporary ethical theory inspired by Kant.
Keywords: agency, Autonomie, Diskriminierung, Disziplin, Ethik, feminism, Feminismus, Gender, Handlungsmacht, Hay, Kant, Macht, Modelle/Theorien, Moral, moral agents, moralische Gesetze, moralisches Wissen, Moralphilosophie, oppressive social systems, Philosophie, Respekt, social systems, ethics, Three main normative ethic perspectives Kant, Utilitarismus virtue ethics, Unterdrückungssysteme -
(2017) : Grundriss einer sozialpsychologischen Respekttheorie Hogrefe Verlag . Online verfügbar unter https://econtent.hogrefe.com/doi/10.1026/0033-3042/a000326 , zuletzt geprüft am 23.02.2018
Abstract: Outline of a Social Psychological Theory of Respect: Implications for Cooperation and Conflict in Pluralistic Societies Abstract. In this article, I outline a social psychological theory of respect with a particular emphasis on the importance of respect for social life in pluralistic societies. Building on social recognition approaches in social philosophy, I first elaborate on a conception of respect as equality recognition. Subsequently, I discuss empirical findings from our own program of research, which validate the proposed respect concept and illuminate important social consequences of respect (as well as of disrespect). I close with some considerations regarding the dynamics of respect and possible trajectories of politicized struggles for recognition in pluralistic societies.
2016
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(2016): The Ethics and Etiquette of Research Collaboration. In: Academic medicine : journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges 91 (12). DOI: 10.1097/ACM.0000000000001439
2015
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(2015): Verecundia, risa y decoro. Cicerón y el arte de insultar. In: Isegoría (53), S. 445-473. DOI: 10.3989/isegoria.2015.053.01
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3989/isegoria.2015.053.01 Abstract: Sobre la risa puede hablarse de muchas maneras; cabe, por ejemplo, una aproximación fisiológica, otra psicológica o una tercera sociológica, que los antiguos no desatendieron por completo, si bien Cicerón prefirió investigar sus posibilidades retóricas. A nadie se le oculta la relevancia de chanzas y chistes para disponer a la audiencia de manera favorable o para ridiculizar al adversario; tampoco que esta estrategia, a despecho de su efectividad y por la misma, puede sobrepasar los límites de lo aceptable o de lo provechoso. Cuestión tanto más grave cuanto que el orador puede y debe reírse de asuntos que, considerados en sí mismos, carecen de gracia. La retórica ciceroniana de la risa plantea y desemboca en una ética y una táctica del humor atenta al estudio y posible codificación de los principios rectores de tan poderoso recurso, que debe utilizarse de manera conveniente, adecuada y decorosa (pues de todas estas formas puede traducirse la palabra griega prépon y la latina decorum), lo cual presupone que no siempre es así y, por lo que interesa en estas páginas, que hay risas indebidas, próximas al vituperio, que pueden acarrear dificultades a quien las provoca, pues siempre es peligroso reírse de los poderosos. Cicerón, sin duda, era un individuo que insultaba mucho, con ingenio, gracia y en ocasiones con extraordinaria agresividad.~~~
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(2015): Reconsidering Respect for Persons in a Globalizing World. In: Developing world bioethics 15 (2), S. 98-106. DOI: 10.1111/dewb.12045
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24720355 Abstract: Contemporary clinical ethics was founded on principlism, and the four principles: respect for autonomy, nonmaleficence, beneficence and justice, remain dominant in medical ethics discourse and practice. These principles are held to be expansive enough to provide the basis for the ethical practice of medicine across cultures. Although principlism remains subject to critique and revision, the four-principle model continues to be taught and applied across the world. As the practice of medicine globalizes, it remains critical to examine the extent to which both the four-principle framework, and individual principles among the four, suffice patients and practitioners in different social and cultural contexts. Using the four-principle model we analyze two accounts of surrogate decision making - one from the developed and one from the developing world - in which the clinician undertakes medical decision-making with apparently little input from the patient and/or family. The purpose of this analysis is to highlight challenges in assessing ethical behaviour according to the principlist model. We next describe cultural expectations and mores that inform both patient and clinician behaviors in these scenarios in order to argue that the principle of respect for persons informed by culture-specific ideas of personhood may offer an improved ethical construct for analyzing and guiding medical practice in a globalized and plural world.
Keywords: Beneficence, Bewertung von sozialem Verhalten (/sozialer Angemessenheit), Clinical Decision-Making/ethics, Cultural Characteristics, culture specific, Decision Making, Developed Countries, Developing Countries, Ethical Analysis, Ethics, Medical, Family/ethnology/psychology, Humans, Internationality, Interviews as Topic, Islam, kulturspezifisch, Medizin, Observablen/Kriterien für sozial angemessenes Verhalten und dessen Bewertung, Pakistan, Personal Autonomy, Personhood, Physician-Patient Relations/ethics, Principle-Based Ethics, respect, Respekt, Transcultural Nursing, United States 2014
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(2014): Mehr als ein Kuschelfaktor. Die Sehnsucht nach Respekt. In: Wirtschaftspsychologie aktuell 21 (4)
Abstract: Erörtert wird, wie Respekt am Arbeitsplatz die Zufriedenheit der Mitarbeiter erhöht. Es wird zwischen horizontalem und vertikalem Respekt unterschieden. Mitarbeiter sind am zufriedensten, wenn sie sich durch ihre Führungskraft horizontal respektiert fühlen und gleichzeitig vertikalen Respekt für ihre Führungskraft empfinden. Unterschiedliche Formen mangelnden Respekts am Arbeitsplatz werden aufgezeigt. Forschungsergebnisse, die belegen, dass erlebter Respekt die Selbstsicherheit, das Wohlbefinden und die Arbeitszufriedenheit steigert, werden skizziert. Anhand von Fallbeispielen werden diese Ergebnisse untermauert. Daraus resultierende Folgerungen für die Arbeitsplatzgestaltung und für die Aufnahme von Respekt als Wert in die Unternehmensstrategie werden dargestellt.
Keywords: Arbeits - und Organisationspsychologie, Respekt -
(2014): To be respected and to respect: The challenge of mutual respect in intergroup relations. In: British Journal of Social Psychology 53 (1), S. 39-53. DOI: 10.1111/bjso.12019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/bjso.12019 Abstract: Building on theorizing in social and political philosophy the article illuminates the phenomenology of respect and examines its role in intergroup relations. The particular focus is on members of the gay and lesbian community in Germany (total of 1,028 gay men and 703 lesbian women aged 15-76 years), their respect experiences, and how these experiences relate to their attitudes toward Muslims. The authors predicted and found that the experience of being respected in society primarily reflected perceived recognition of gays and lesbians as equal members of society. In addition, they predicted and found that perceived respect from the Muslim community was negatively related to anti-Muslim attitude among gays and lesbians. The same was true for perceived respect from society at large. More specifically, respondents who felt respected by the majority of society showed lower levels of anti-Muslim attitude and, in line with the dominant status of perceived equality recognition in the experience of being respected, this decrease was fully mediated via an increase in perceived equality recognition.
2012
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(2012): The self-promoting playful pen in graphic and literary rhino-caricatures. In: HUMOR-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HUMOR RESEARCH 25 (2), S. 179-198
Abstract: From ancient times to the present, artists’ and authors’ creative, critical, and diverting pens have caricatured the human nose. Their amusing games express the power of the artistic imagination to turn their subjects into game pieces by (1) poking fun at their sociopolitical status through exaggerating or diminishing the size and shape of their noses; (2) playing upon hilarious, multifaceted links between their noses, phalluses, and the mocking pen; and (3) building canonical play frames that expand the artists’ and authors’ ability to mock the sociopolitical competition for power and influence. Though these games at times transgress the boundaries of decorum, they also underscore graphic and verbal caricaturists’ self-promotional creativity, as they address the many inequalities in actual and fictive worlds.
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(2012): An Innovative Seminar Course in Business Etiquette for Pharmacy Graduate Students, zuletzt geprüft am 16.05.2018
Abstract: Objectives. To develop and implement a seminar course for graduate students in the social and administrative pharmaceutical sciences to enhance knowledge and confidence with respect their abil- ities to demonstrate appropriate business etiquette. Design. A 1-credit graduate seminar course was designed based on learner-centered constructivist theory and application of Fink’s Taxonomy for Significant Learning. Assessment. Eleven students participated in the spring 2011 seminar course presentations and activities. Students completed pre- and post-assessment instruments, which included knowledge and attitudinal questions. Formative and summative assessments showed gains in student knowledge, perceived skills, and confidence based on observation and student-reported outcomes. Conclusion. Graduate student reaction to the course was overwhelmingly positive. The etiquette course has potential application in doctor of pharmacy education, other graduate disciplines, undergraduate education, and continuing professional development. Keywords: seminar; graduate education; educational theory; professionalism, business etiquette
2007
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(2007): Respect, equality, and power: A social psychological perspective. In: Gruppendynamik und Organisationsberatung 38 (3), S. 309-326. DOI: 10.1007/s11612-007-0027-2
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11612-007-0027-2 Abstract: In this article I outline a principled social psychological approach to respect. As a first definitional approximation, I suggest that respect for someone involves the willingness to include that person as a factor in the psychological equation underlying self-regulation. I then review and discuss the fairly recent, but thriving, career of the notion of respect in social psychological research, with particular emphasis on intragroup respect. Next, I turn to conceptual specification and purification necessary for a principled approach to respect and discuss promising efforts to identify the critical social psychological principle or active ingredient of respect. In particular, I make out a case for an equality-based conception of respect in which recognition as an equal plays a central role. The final section examines further theoretical and practical implications of this conception including its relation and relevance to issues of social power. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)
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(2007): A Formal Recognition of Social Attachments. Expanding Axel Honneth's Theory of Recognition. In: Inquiry 50 (2), S. 180-205. DOI: 10.1080/00201740701239897
Abstract: Axel Honneth draws a distinction between three types of recognition: (1) love, (2) respect and (3) social esteem. In his The Struggle for Recognition, the recognition of cultural particularity is situated in the third sphere. It will here be argued that the logic of recognition of cultural identity also demands a non-evaluative recognition, namely a respect for difference. Difference-respect is formal because it is a recognition of the value of a particular culture not 'for society" or "as such", but for the social group involved. Yet, although it is formal, difference-respect cannot be reduced to respect for personal autonomy and its preconditions, as Honneth wrongly suggests in Redistribution or Recognition? It is argued here that difference-respect is oriented towards another dimension of the person, namely social attachments. This kind of respect entails a separate register of formal recognition with a corresponding concept of personal identity and a parallel category of social disrespect. What morally justifies difference-respect from a recognition-theoretic approach is the practical relation-to-self that thus becomes possible, namely self-respect as a sense of belonging. The formal conception of the good life that Honneth articulates should include the insight that this sense of belonging is as much a necessary condition for the good life as is personal autonomy.
2006
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(2006) : Well done, Robot! The importance of praise and presence in human-robot collaboration: The 15th IEEE International Symposium on Robot and Human Interactive Communication, 2006: RO-MAN 2006 ; 6-8 Sept. 2006, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, United Kingdom ; proceedings: RO-MAN 2006: The 15th IEEE International Symposium on Robot and Human Interactive Communication: Hatfield: 9/6/2006 - 9/8/2006. IEEE International Symposium on Robot and Human Interactive Communication; IEEE Ro-Man: Piscataway, NJ: IEEE, S. 86-90
Abstract: This study reports on an experiment in which participants had to collaborate with either another human or a robot (partner). The robot would either be present in the room or only be represented on the participants' computer screen (presence). Furthermore, the participants' partner would either make 20 % errors or 40 % errors (error rate). We automatically measured the praising and punishing behavior of the participants towards their partners and also asked the participant to estimate their own behavior. The participants unconsciously praised Aibo more than the human partner, but punished it just as much. Robots that adapt to the users' behavior should therefore pay extra attention to the users' praises, compared to their punishments
2003
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(2003): Defining dirt. Three early modern views of obscenity. In: TEXTUAL PRACTICE 17 (2), S. 253-275
Abstract: This essay examines the workings of bad language in the early modem period, along with its social and political contexts - why and under what circumstances some words were deemed inappropriate for polite or moral discourse and literature. In early modern English, words such as "shit' or "fuck' were not considered "swearing', but rather occupied a separate category of "wanton' or "obscene' language. Thomas Elyot's The Boke Named the Governour , Desiderius Erasmus' De Copia and George Puttenham's The Arte of English Poesie pay particular attention to this category. They investigate it from different perspectives, but reach similar conclusions: obscene words have an offensive power in excess of their literal meaning, exposing body parts and actions that should be concealed to a greater degree than do their more decorous synonyms. These texts also agree that the rules of decorum which govern obscenity are extremely flexible, so much so that obscene words may be the most useful and even the most appropriate terms in certain circumstances.
Keywords: Angemessenheit, Appropriateness, Appropriateness of inappropriateness, decorum, Fehlverhalten, fluchen, Grenzen, Grenzüberschreitung, Gruppenverhalten / Joint Action, Höflichkeitsforschung, (Im)Politeness Research, Inappropriateness, Interaktion, Konventionen, Literaturwissenschaft, Modelle/Theorien, Normen, Observablen/Kriterien für sozial angemessenes Verhalten und dessen Bewertung, Obszönität, Respekt, Sprache, Sprachgebrauch, Status / biologische Marker, swearing, Umgangsformen, Unangemessenheit 2002
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(2002): Ethics of practicing medical procedures on newly dead and nearly dead patients. In: Journal of General Internal Medicine 17 (10), S. 774-778. DOI: 10.1046/j.1525-1497.2002.11139.x
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1525-1497.2002.11139.x Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To examine the ethical issues raised by physicians performing, for skill development, medically nonindicated invasive medical procedures on newly dead and dying patients. DESIGN: Literature review; issue analysis employing current normative ethical obligations, and evaluation against moral rules and utilitarian assessments manifest in other common perimortem practices. RESULTS: Practicing medical procedures for training purposes is not uncommon among physicians in training. However, empiric information is limited or absent evaluating the effects of this practice on physician competence and ethics, assessing public attitudes toward practicing medical procedures and requirements for consent, and discerning the effects of a consent requirement on physicians' clinical competence. Despite these informational gaps, there is an obligation to secure consent for training activities on newly and nearly dead patients based on contemporary norms for informed consent and family respect. Paradigms of consent-dependent societal benefits elsewhere in health care support our determination that the benefits from physicians practicing procedures does not justify setting aside the informed consent requirement. CONCLUSION: Current ethical norms do not support the practice of using newly and nearly dead patients for training in invasive medical procedures absent prior consent by the patient or contemporaneous surrogate consent. Performing an appropriately consented training procedure is ethically acceptable when done under competent supervision and with appropriate professional decorum. The ethics of training on the newly and nearly dead remains an insufficiently examined area of medical training.
Keywords: Beeinflussung der Bewertung moralischer Urteile, Beispiel, Bewertung von sozialem Verhalten (/sozialer Angemessenheit), Consent, decorum, Einwilligung, Ethik, medical procedures, Medizin, Moral, Observablen/Kriterien für sozial angemessenes Verhalten und dessen Bewertung, Operation an frisch Verstorbenen, Respekt, Soziale Angemessenheit, Tod, Übung, Utilitarismus 2001
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(2001): Shopping the leftovers. Warhol’s collecting strategies in ’Raid the Icebox I’. In: Art History 24 (2), S. 278-291
Abstract: Andy Warhol’s little-known commission in 1969 to ‘curate’ an exhibition from basement storage at the Museum of Art at the Rhode Island School of Design opens a window on the artist’s complex attitudes toward class. While the many manifestations of Warhol’s queer aesthetic have been illuminated in recent scholarship, little attention has been paid to how his sensibility was also shaped by his working-class roots in the slavic enclave of Depression-era Pittsburgh. While Warhol created a uniquely ‘cool‘ persona in the New York art world, he never repudiated his background and its values. His writings, from Popism and The Philosophy to the Diaries, are full of sharp insights on American class politics and aspirations. One can see in Warhol’s signature elevation of icons of mass consumption to the status of art and in his treatment of high subjects as mass products a radical proletarianizing will. Raid the Icebox I shows Warhol’s levelling aesthetic in its full glory as he makes a series of curatorial selections that directly assault the principles of connoisseurship that undergirded professional museum practice. Twenty years before postmodern artists would view the museum as a context for critical ‘reinstallations’, Warhol’s Raid the Icebox– the only such intervention he ever made – profoundly disrupted museum decorum by exposing the usually well-concealed links between elite collecting and its low-class other – shopping.
2000
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(2000): Liberal Civility and the Civility of Etiquette: Public Ideals and Personal ...: EBSCOhost. In: Social Theory and Practice 26 (1), S. 69-84. Online verfügbar unter http://web.a.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail/detail?vid=28&sid=fef2d251-509c-474f-a1d7-93aa3f7f75b0%40sessionmgr4009&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#AN=3151174&db=sih, zuletzt geprüft am 16.05.2018
Abstract: The article presents the author's views on the importance of civility in community. Several distinct communal aspects of life like family, friendship, and other associations, deeply constitutive of a person's identity, are included in a close-knit community. Civility is regarded as public notion and it includes ideas like the civic, the civil, and the civilian. Etiquette is an aspect which is closely related to moral and ethical concerns.
Keywords: Etikette, Fairness, Höflichkeit, Interkulturelle Kompetenz, Moral, Normen, Respekt, Soziales Miteinander, Umgangsformen 1999
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(1999): Core symbols in South African intercultural friendships. In: INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INTERCULTURAL RELATIONS 23 (1), S. 133-156
Abstract: Focus group discussions among Afrikaner, British, Coloured, Asian and Black groups in South Africa were held in which respondents discussed intercultural friendships. Groups were asked to suggest core characteristics for friendships, to describe instances in which they managed cultural differences, to describe rule violations which would necessitate the termination of the friendship, and to make recommendations for appropriate and satisfying friendship conduct to persons from different cultural groups. Afrikaner discourse about intercultural friendship centered upon themes of Pride in Cultural Identity and Decorum, British themes were Individualism and a Future Orientation the themes for Coloured respondents were Flexibility and Relationship Orientation, Asian themes were Responsibility for Actions and Openness, while Black themes were Honor, and Compassion. The core symbols were interpreted in the political and social context of transition in 1992. A positive relationship between level of sociocultural power in South Africa and the intensity and salience of the ethnic identity emerged in that groups with greater sociocultural power expressed the most negative ascriptions about members of other groups, as well as expressed preferences for their own group or individual norms for the intercultural friendship. While dialectic tensions in group and individual orientations were evident in the discourse of friends from all groups, group members with higher sociocultural power criticized Blacks as looking too much toward the past instead of the future.
Keywords: decorum, Disziplin, Fehlverhalten, Freundschaft, Grenzen, Grenzüberschreitung, Interaktion, Interaktionsabbruch, Kultur, Kulturdifferenz, Kulturelle Normen, Kulturspezifizität, Kulturtheorie, Kulturvergleich, Observablen/Kriterien für sozial angemessenes Verhalten und dessen Bewertung, Respekt, Soziale Angemessenheit, Soziale Klasse / Schicht, Umgangsformen 1995
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(1995): The power of sex. Some reflections on the Caldwells’ ’African sexuality’ thesis. In: AFRICA 65 (4), S. 489-505
Abstract: This article consists of a series of reflections about the nature of sexuality in East Africa framed in response to the theories put forward by J. C. Caldwell and his collaborators. It argues that their views fail to grasp the way sexual restraints and restrictions form the basis of the moral order in East African societies. Their model of a distinctively African sexual system overemphasises descent in a way that systematically underplays the importance of marriage and reduces ancestor cults to exclusive concern with lineage, reproduction and continuity. By contrast, it is argued with reference to the Gisu of Uganda, ancestral beliefs in their general form are associated with the overall templates for correct social living and these hinge not on lineality but on sexuality and its control. In this light, most East African cultures can be labelled ‘respect cultures’, in that they see their social orders as rooted in respect, respect which implies deference, attention to proper decorum and above all self-restraint. The rules problematise sexuality. The article then turns to the sacred power attributed to coitus itself. This is addressed by looking at the metaphor of the mingling of bloods, widely used of sexual intercourse in East Africa. In the last section of the article attention is paid to the contrast between consanguinity and alliance and the idea that the union of man and woman serves as the prototype of contractual relationships.
1977
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(1977): Two Kinds of Respect. In: Ethics 88 (1), S. 36-49. DOI: 10.1086/292054
Abstract: S. 39: "My project in this paper is to develop the initial distinction which I have drawn between recognition and appraisal respect into a more detailed and specific account of each. These accounts will not merely be of intrinsic interest. Ultimately I will use them to illuminate the puzzles with which this paper began and to understand the idea of self-respect." 42 " Thus, insofar as respect within such a pursuit will depend on an appraisal of the participant from the perspective of whatever standards are held to be appropriate to the pursuit, such respect will depend on a judgement to which excellences of character are thought relevant. Note that exactly what aspect of the person's character is thought to be relevant in this instance is his recognition respect (or lack of it) for the standards of the pursuit." 44 "This attitude fails of being appraisal respect in that my having it toward the person is conditional on those traits being such as to make him server a particular purpose that I happen to have" 44 - 45 "To sum up: Appraisal respect is an attitude of positive appraisal of a person either judged as a person or as engaged in some more specific pursuit. In the first case, the appropriate grounds are features of the person's character: dispositions to act for particular reasons or a higher-level disposition to act for the best reasons. In the second case, though features of character do not exhaust the appropriate grounds for appraisal respect, some such character traits will be relevant (recognition respect for the standards of a particular pursuit). Also, the other features which constitute the appoprate excellences of the pursuit must be related to traits of character in the way specified. In both cases, the positive appraisal of the person, and of his traits, must be categorical. It cannot depend on the fact that the person, because of his traits, serves an interest or purpose of one's own." 45 "To have recognition respect for someone as a person is to give appropriate weight to the fact that he or she is a person by being willing to constrain one's behaviour in ways required by that fact." 45 "This is rather different from having an attitude of appraisal respect for someone as a person. The latter is a positive appraisal of an individual made with regard to those features which are excellences of persons. As such, it is not owed to everone, for it may or may not be merited. When it is, what is merited is just the positive appraisal itself." 47 "Second, the only beings who are approriate objects of appraisal respect are those who are capable of acting for reasons and hence capable of conceiving of various facts as meriting more or less consideration in deliberation."
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