Alle Publikationen
2018
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Helmolt, Katharina von; Ittstein, Daniel Jan (Hg.) (2018): Digitalisierung und (Inter-)Kulturalität. Formen, Wirkung und Wandel von Kultur in der digitalisierten Welt. Stuttgart: Ibidem-Verlag. Online verfügbar unter http://www.ibidemverlag.de
Abstract: Dieser Band befasst sich mit der Wechselwirkung zwischen Kultur und digitaler Transformation. Datentechnologien und Künstliche Intelligenz verändern die Arbeitswelt und bestimmen in zunehmendem Maße die tägliche Lebensgestaltung. Gleichzeitig sind sie Ausdrucksformen von Kultur und eröffnen Räume für die Konstruktion kultureller Zugehörigkeit und Abgrenzung. Beruhten Konzeptionen von Kultur bis vor Kurzem auf der Vorstellung lokaler Kommunikationssysteme, ist mit Hilfe des Internets Kommunikation ohne raumzeitliche Einschränkungen zur Selbstverständlichkeit geworden. Aus diesen Entwicklungen ergibt sich eine Reihe von Themen- und Fragestellungen für die Interkulturalitätsforschung: Führt Computertechnologie zu einer globalen Homogenisierung von Kultur? Gibt es kulturspezifische Formen des Umgangs mit Künstlicher Intelligenz? Welche Ausdrucksformen von Kultur sind im Internet zu finden? Müssen wir Interkulturalität im Kontext der Digitalisierung neu denken? Mit diesen und anderen Fragen setzen sich die Beiträge des Bandes auseinander. Dabei greifen sie auf theoretische Konzepte und methodische Vorgehensweisen aus unterschiedlichen wissenschaftlichen Disziplinen zurück. Der Band soll damit zum interdisziplinären Austausch über kulturelle Aspekte der Digitalisierung beitragen. Er richtet sich an Interessierte aus Forschung und Praxis.
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(2018): Like a Good Neighbor, Squatters Are There. Property and Neighborhood Stability in the Context of Urban Decline. In: City & Community 17 (1), S. 236-258. DOI: 10.1111/cico.12275
Abstract: In declining cities, an abundance of vacant, devalued property, and under-resourced regulatory mechanisms challenge dominant understandings of private ownership of real property as a source of investment and stability for individuals and neighborhoods. Drawing on four years of ethnography and 65 interviews in Detroit, this article finds that, despite the privileged standing of private property in U.S. culture, residents frequently accept or advocate for illegal property use, such as squatting or scrapping. Instead of adhering to the law, residents use a community-embraced norman ethos of careto assess the acceptability of illegal property use, and they do so in order to positively impact the physical and social dynamics of their neighborhoods. The findings of this article highlight the influence of local conditions for how residents perceive property law violations, and call into question the generalizability and applicability of neighborhood improvement strategies that rest on private, legal ownership to induce responsible care.
Keywords: Design -
(2018): Virtual organizational design laboratory. Agent-based modeling of the co-evolution of social service delivery networks with population dynamics. In: Expert Systems with Applications 98, S. 189-204. DOI: 10.1016/j.eswa.2018.01.018
Abstract: This paper extends the concept of biological co-evolution to explain the performance and survival of one type of service organizations. It proposes that service delivery network design would benefit from complex adaptive systems (CAS) modeling approaches to recreate organizational phenomena driven by the interaction of the organization with its operating environment. This approach, paired with experimental design methods can serve as a virtual laboratory. We take the case of social service delivery (SSD) organizations that are structured as nonprofit organizations providing humanitarian assistance and relief services. These organizations often serve different geographical regions, thus, racial composition, migration patterns, and wealth of the populations served are factors that vary between locations. SSDs operate through service nodes (i.e., field offices, chapters, branches) in a network configuration. Therefore, the managerial decision of where to locate the field offices is an important one. An agent-based model to recreate agents' interactions as proxies of those exchanges occurring in real SSD settings is used. A series of validation experiments instill confidence that our model can be used as a virtual research laboratory. This paper contributes to the field of organizational design by testing a model able to recreate different policies that combined with different operating conditions impact the network over time and space. In addition, it provides experimental insights on what type of network configuration might provide a higher number of services delivered over time across the service network. The results can inform those defining the service system architecture looking to achieve SSD's goals considering the demographics of the markets served.
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(2018): Under Pressure: Examining Social Conformity With Computer and Robot Groups. In: Human factors 60 (8), S. 1207-1218. DOI: 10.1177/0018720818788473
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30004798 Abstract: OBJECTIVE The authors investigate whether nonhuman agents, such as computers or robots, produce a social conformity effect in human operators and examine to what extent potential conformist behavior varies as a function of the human-likeness of the group members and the type of task that has to be performed. BACKGROUND People conform due to normative and/or informational motivations in human-human interactions, and conformist behavior is modulated by factors related to the individual as well as factors associated with the group, context, and culture. Studies have yet to examine whether nonhuman agents also induce social conformity. METHOD Participants were assigned to a computer, robot, or human group and completed both a social and analytical task with the respective group. RESULTS Conformity measures (percentage of times participants answered in line with agents on critical trials) subjected to a 3 × 2 mixed ANOVA showed significantly higher conformity rates for the analytical versus the social task as well as a modulation of conformity depending of the perceived agent-task fit. CONCLUSION Findings indicate that nonhuman agents were able to exert a social conformity effect, which was modulated further by the perceived match between agent and task type. Participants conformed to comparable degrees with agents during the analytical task but conformed significantly more strongly on the social task as the group's human-likeness increased. APPLICATION Results suggest that users may react differently to the influence of nonhuman agent groups with the potential for variability in conformity depending on the domain of the task.
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(2018) : Knowledge to design an assistant robotics system for aged people: Proceedings 2018 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Technology (ICIT): Lyon Congress Center, Lyon, France, 19 - 22 February, 2018: 2018 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Technology (ICIT): Lyon: 2/20/2018 - 2/22/2018. IEEE International Conference on Industrial Technology; Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers; IEEE Industrial Electronics Society; Icit: Piscataway, NJ: IEEE, S. 1985-1990
Abstract: In this paper, authors based on data of questionnaire to discuss, according to discussion results to suggest appearance/function to robotics and its support system for aged people. This research uses people's familiar view, and targets to make robotics help/assist people rather than let people feel disturb. The basic data for our research is collected by questionnaire. The questionnaire is constructed by several items that include people's background data and the trend of using electronic equipment. These items help construct different clusters and the robot's image that aged people imaged. In this paper, people's different needs and situations are discussed. Data analysis and data mining are applied. From the research results, aged people's opinions, their ideal robot/robotics' image become clear, furthermore, the possibility appearance/function of robot/robotics and its support system are given sharp. This paper is a self-criticism research to developed robot and robotic system, hoping find a new way on this researching area and developing a better assistant robot for aged people.
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(2018): Artificial sociality. Vision for personal professorship of Gert Jan Hofstede. 2018 05 22, Web Version. Online verfügbar unter https://geerthofstede.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/Artificial-sociality-2018-05-22-Web-version.pdf
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(2018): Toward Socially Aware Person-Following Robots. In: IEEE Transactions on Cognitive and Developmental Systems 10 (4), S. 936-954. DOI: 10.1109/TCDS.2018.2825641
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TCDS.2018.2825641 Abstract: Significant research and development has been invested in technical issues related to person following. However, a systematic approach for designing robotic person-following behavior that maintains appropriate social conventions across contexts has not yet been developed. To understand why this may be the case, an in-depth literature review of 221 articles on person-following robots was performed, from which 107 are referenced. From these papers, six relevant topics were identified that shed light on the types of social interactions that have been studied in person-following scenarios: 1) applications; 2) robotic systems; 3) environments; 4) following strategies; 5) human-robot communication; and 6) evaluation methods. Gaps in the existing research on person-following robots were identified, mainly in addressing social interaction and user needs, noting that only 25 articles reported proper user studies. Human-related, robot-related, task-related, and environment-related factors that are likely to influence people’s spatial preferences and expectations of a robot’s person-following behavior are then discussed. To guide the design of socially aware person following robots, a user-needs layered design framework that combines the four factor categories is proposed. The framework provides a systematic way to incorporate social considerations in the design of person-following robots. Finally, framework limitations and future challenges in the field are presented and discussed.
Keywords: Accompanying robot, Angemessen(heit) (von Technik), environment-related factors, human-related factors, human-robot interaction, Human–robot interaction (HRI), ieee xplore, Legged locomotion, Mobile robots, Navigation, person-following, Proxemics, Robot sensing systems, robotic person-following behavior, robot-related factors, service robot, social interaction, Social interactions, Social robotic, social sciences, socially aware person-following robots, Task Analysis, task-related factors, user needs -
(2018): Anticipation enhanced behavior-based robotics using integrated system dynamics. ProQuest Information & Learning.
Abstract: Behavior-based robotics specifies behavior as the interaction between the task, environment, and agent with specific capabilities that creates a successful behavior to attain task achievement. Observed task achieving behavior is confirmed and validated by a prespecified performance criteria. For behavior-based robotics, conditions in the niche environment are directly matched to and cue behavior choice that yields task achievement by the robot agent. A minimalist approach attains this behavior choice from only a few possible scenarios for the niche environment and a simple associated response. Previous work in behavior-based robotics has been generally limited to a reactive response to environmental conditions, with little or no notion of looking ahead to potential successful future outcomes. Focus on the notion of anticipation provides a novel addition to the task achieving behavior-based robotics approach. Anticipation is the formulation of suitable processes to manifest behavior from a small set of feasible scenarios in the near future before the outcome is certain. Anticipation results in successful behavior beyond mere reactions to niche conditions that leads to desired task achievement with expected perceived immediate or later reward based on suitable fitness matched to the niche. The approach to add anticipation developed a formal system dynamics model to represent previously known behavior archetypes, extended them with the notion of anticipation, and enhanced the system dynamics operation. Simulation of a robot instance using anticipation for wall following, called the TOURIST, was conducted to gain insight into behaviors that would be observable in a real world natural system. Simulation of the TOURIST robot with anticipation built into the archetype programming illustrated the advantages of including the notion of anticipation. Anticipation allows a TOURIST robot agent to travel a smoother path and make choice of small increments in behavior change that produce more desired longer term responses. With anticipation, numerous small adjustments are made that require less energy than large spins of the SEEK behavior, so only one third of the SEEK behaviors occur, and thus wastes less energy and time. Also with anticipation, the TOURIST makes twice as many cycles of the area at the same speed and in the same time, so a broader range of area is covered and can more readily perceive any dynamic changes in the overall arena. The methods and insights were added to a real world robot instance, and the benefits of anticipation were observed to occur. A specific metric, ANNum, was developed for describing operation of the TOURIST robot. Greater metric values were found with anticipation on, reflecting more behavior responsiveness to the niche per unit time when anticipation was used. In conclusion, anticipation enhances robotic performance by manifesting task achieving behavior that is properly matched to a specific niche condition. Anticipation extends beyond the merely reactive behavior previously used in behavior-based robotics by acting like a funnel or channel to guide the behavior choice to match a specific niche. The observed behavior choice is manifest before the outcome is realized and certain to occur. As a practical result, the robot agent is able to make many smaller adjustments earlier and faster with better chance for desired outcome than would be observed without anticipation. It circumvents repeated larger adjustments that waste more resources and take more time for task achievement. Such enhanced anticipation behavior avoids obstructions and potential destructive paths or motion, and is more able to achieve tasks such as to find objects and move along walls with minimal effort. Thus, anticipation that is added to robot architecture improves behavior choices to realize desired task achievement. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved)
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(2018): Do a robot's social skills and its objection discourage interactants from switching the robot off?. In: PLoS one 13 (7). DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201581
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30063750 Abstract: Building on the notion that people respond to media as if they were real, switching off a robot which exhibits lifelike behavior implies an interesting situation. In an experimental lab study with a 2x2 between-subjects-design (N = 85), people were given the choice to switch off a robot with which they had just interacted. The style of the interaction was either social (mimicking human behavior) or functional (displaying machinelike behavior). Additionally, the robot either voiced an objection against being switched off or it remained silent. Results show that participants rather let the robot stay switched on when the robot objected. After the functional interaction, people evaluated the robot as less likeable, which in turn led to a reduced stress experience after the switching off situation. Furthermore, individuals hesitated longest when they had experienced a functional interaction in combination with an objecting robot. This unexpected result might be due to the fact that the impression people had formed based on the task-focused behavior of the robot conflicted with the emotional nature of the objection.
Keywords: Adolescent, Adult, Artificial intelligence, Attitude, Biomimetic Materials, Electrical Equipment and Supplies, Emotions/physiology, Female, Fortschritt, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Male, Mensch-Roboter-Interaktion, Motivation, Object Attachment, Robotics/instrumentation, Social Skills, User-Computer Interface, Young Adult -
(2018): How do social norms influence prosocial development?. In: Current Opinion in Psychology 20, S. 87-91. DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.08.011
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28858771 Abstract: Humans are both highly prosocial and extremely sensitive to social norms, and some theories suggest that norms are necessary to account for uniquely human forms of prosocial behavior and cooperation. Understanding how norms influence prosocial behavior is thus essential if we are to describe the psychology and development of prosocial behavior. In this article I review recent research from across the social sciences that provides (1) a theoretical model of how norms influence prosocial behavior, (2) empirical support for the model based on studies with adults and children, and (3) predictions about the psychological mechanisms through which norms shape prosocial behavior. I conclude by discussing the need for future studies into how prosocial behavior develops through emerging interactions between culturally varying norms, social cognition, emotions, and potentially genes. zitiert von 4
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(2018): A Survey of Safety and Trustworthiness of Deep Neural Networks: Verification, Testing, Adversarial Attack and Defence, and Interpretability. Online verfügbar unter https://arxiv.org/pdf/1812.08342
Abstract: In the past few years, significant progress has been made on deep neural networks (DNNs) in achieving human-level performance on several long-standing tasks. With the broader deployment of DNNs on various applications, the concerns over their safety and trustworthiness have been raised in public, especially after the widely reported fatal incidents involving self-driving cars. Research to address these concerns is particularly active, with a significant number of papers released in the past few years. This survey paper conducts a review of the current research effort into making DNNs safe and trustworthy, by focusing on four aspects: verification, testing, adversarial attack and defence, and interpretability. In total, we survey 202 papers, most of which were published after 2017.
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(2018): A Survey of Safety and Trustworthiness of Deep Neural Networks: Verification, Testing, Adversarial Attack and Defence, and Interpretability. Online verfügbar unter https://arxiv.org/pdf/1812.08342
Abstract: In the past few years, significant progress has been made on deep neural networks (DNNs) in achieving human-level performance on several long-standing tasks. With the broader deployment of DNNs on various applications, the concerns over their safety and trustworthiness have been raised in public, especially after the widely reported fatal incidents involving self-driving cars. Research to address these concerns is particularly active, with a significant number of papers released in the past few years. This survey paper conducts a review of the current research effort into making DNNs safe and trustworthy, by focusing on four aspects: verification, testing, adversarial attack and defence, and interpretability. In total, we survey 202 papers, most of which were published after 2017.
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(2018): On the Soul of Technical Objects: Commentary on Simondon’s ‘Technics and Eschatology’ (1972). In: Theory, Culture & Society 35 (6), S. 97-111. DOI: 10.1177/0263276418757318
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(2018): Towards a framework for computational persuasion with applications in behaviour change1. In: Argument & Computation 9 (1), S. 15-40. DOI: 10.3233/AAC-170032
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3233/AAC-170032 Abstract: Persuasion is an activity that involves one party trying to induce another party to believe something or to do something. It is an important and multifaceted human facility. Obviously, sales and marketing is heavily dependent on persuasion. But many other activities involve persuasion such as a doctor persuading a patient to drink less alcohol, a road safety expert persuading drivers to not text while driving, or an online safety expert persuading users of social media sites to not reveal too much personal information online. As computing becomes involved in every sphere of life, so too is persuasion a target for applying computer-based solutions. An automated persuasion system (APS) is a system that can engage in a dialogue with a user (the persuadee) in order to persuade the persuadee to do (or not do) some action or to believe (or not believe) something. To do this, an APS aims to use convincing arguments in order to persuade the persuadee. Computational persuasion is the study of formal models of dialogues involving arguments and counterarguments, of user models, and strategies, for APSs. A promising application area for computational persuasion is in behaviour change. Within healthcare organizations, government agencies, and non-governmental agencies, there is much interest in changing behaviour of particular groups of people away from actions that are harmful to themselves and/or to others around them.
Keywords: Argumentation, argumentation strategies, Argumentationsstrategie, Argumentationstheorie, automated persuasion system (APS), Automated Persuasion Systems (APS), computational models of argument, Computational persuasion, Computerbasierte Persuasion, dialogical argumentation, doppelter Treffer, Eliminierung von Fehlverhalten, Fehlverhalten, frame semantics, Gesellschaftsprofit, Gruppenverhalten / Joint Action, Intellektualtechnik, Kognitionstheorie, Kognitionswissenschaft/Social Sciences/Humanities, Mensch-Technik-Relationen (MTR), Observablen/Kriterien für sozial angemessenes Verhalten und dessen Bewertung, Persuasion, persuasion dialogues, persuasive arguments, Politik, probabilistic argumentation, Realtechnik, Soziale Angemessenheit, Sozialer Raum / Kultureller Kontext, Sprachroboter, Sprachverarbeitung, Technik, Überreden, Überzeugung, Umgangsformen, Verführung -
(2018): A turtle—or a rifle?. Hackers easily fool AIs into seeing the wrong thing. In: Science. DOI: 10.1126/science.aau8383
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(2018) : Nonverbal Human-Robot Communication for Ambient Assisted Living Applications Based on Ethologically Inspired Social Behavior Model: IECON 2018 - 44th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society: Omni Shoreham Hotel, Washington D.C., United States of America, 20 - 23 October, 2018: IECON 2018 - 44th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society: D.C., DC, USA: 10/21/2018 - 10/23/2018. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers; Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society; Iecon: Piscataway, NJ: IEEE, S. 6045-6050
Abstract: In recent years, ambient assisted living (AAL) has studied and a demand for services that monitors living environments to reduce the burden of nursing care has increased. Therefore, we propose an approach of nonverbal human-robot communication for AAL applications based on an attachment behavior model for a mobile robot. This can sense the situation within the environment in real time with less burden on the user. We use an etho-robot as the user interface of an AAL system for useful monitoring services. The etho-robot mimics dogs' attachment behaviors and can provide less stressful communication between humans and robots. In addition, we design behavior for providing notification about a person's status for the etho-robot. The integration of a mobile robot as a user interface of the AAL system will make the communication spatially flexible. We conducted an experiment to evaluate whether humans can correctly recognize the attachment behavior of the etho-robot when the robot performs its notification function. We discuss the usefulness of mimicking a dog's attachment behavior when the robot has such a function.
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IEEE International Conference on Industrial Technology; Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers; IEEE Industrial Electronics Society; Icit (2018): Proceedings 2018 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Technology (ICIT). Lyon Congress Center, Lyon, France, 19 - 22 February, 2018. 2018 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Technology (ICIT). Lyon, 2/20/2018 - 2/22/2018. Piscataway, NJ: IEEE
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Ieee Isr; Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers; IEEE Robotics and Automation Society; International Conference on Intelligence and Safety for Robotics; Isr (2018): IEEE - ISR 2018. August 24-27, 2018, Shenyang, China : the 2018 International Conference on Intelligence and Safety for Robotics. 2018 IEEE International Conference on Intelligence and Safety for Robotics (ISR). Shenyang, 8/24/2018 - 8/27/2018. Piscataway, NJ: IEEE
Abstract: To tackle behavioral assistance for elderly care and disabled care in daily life, our laboratory rollout five welfare robots: walking support robot, walking rehabilitation robot, intelligent wheelchair robot, excretory support robot and handling robot. By integrating the multi-robots architecture and distributed sensor network, we proposes smart house which can be used for research in security assistance. Furthermore, aiming to implement the procedural assistance of rising and standing, transfer framework based on multi-robots architecture have been proposed. It aims to reduce the torso impact force and stabilize centre of gravity, establishing the rising transfer planning and standing transfer planning, combining with fall detection and rescue, which contributes to achieve secure and comfortable behavioral assistance in top-down way. Finally, we conducted experiments in our MWRA smart house to rising transfer, standing transfer, behavior assistance, fall detection and rescue. The experiments show MWRA have the auxiliary capabilities for ADLs(basic activities of daily living) and IADLs (instrumental activities of daily living), even EADLs(enhanced activities of daily living) in safety and comfortable way, which can be used in home, hospitals, rehabilitation center and other scenes for elderly care and disabled care.
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Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (2018): Broadband Coverage in Germany; 12th ITG-Symposium. Berlin, Germany: VDE Verlag GmbH
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Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers; Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society; Iecon (2018): IECON 2018 - 44th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society. Omni Shoreham Hotel, Washington D.C., United States of America, 20 - 23 October, 2018. IECON 2018 - 44th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society. D.C., DC, USA, 10/21/2018 - 10/23/2018. Piscataway, NJ: IEEE
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International Conference on Service Systems and Service Management; Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers; Icsssm (2018): 2018 15th International Conference on Service Systems and Service Management (ICSSSM). Location: Hangzhou, China, meeting date: July 21-22, 2018. 2018 15th International Conference on Service Systems and Service Management (ICSSSM). Hangzhou, 7/21/2018 - 7/22/2018. Piscataway, NJ: IEEE
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International Convention on Information and Communication Technology, Electronics and Microelectronics; Hrvatsko Udruga za Informacijsku i Komunikacijsku Tehnologiju, Elektroniku i Mikroelektroniku; Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers; Međunarodni skup za informacijsku i komunikacijsku tehnologiju, elektroniku i mikroelektroniku; Croatian Society for Information and Communication Technology, Electronics and Microelectronics Convention; MIPRO Convenion; Mipro (2018): 2018 41st International Convention on Information and Communication Technology, Electronics and Microelectronics (MIPRO). May 21-25, 2018, Opatija, Croatia : proceedings. 2018 41st International Convention on Information and Communication Technology, Electronics and Microelectronics (MIPRO). Opatija, 5/21/2018 - 5/25/2018. Piscataway, NJ: IEEE
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(2018) : Artificial Empathy in Social Robots: An analysis of Emotions in Speech: 2018 27th IEEE International Symposium on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN): Nanjing, China: IEEE Robotics & Automation Society, S. 632-637
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/ROMAN.2018.8525652 Abstract: Artificial speech developed using speech synthesizers has been used as the voice for robots in Human Robot Interaction (HRI). As humans anthropomorphize robots, an empathetically interacting robot is expected to increase the level of acceptance of social robots. Here, a human perception experiment evaluates whether human subjects perceive empathy in robot speech. For this experiment, empathy is expressed only by adding appropriate emotions to the words in speech. Also, humans’ preferences for a robot interacting with empathetic speech versus a standard robotic voice are also assessed. The results show that humans are able to perceive empathy and emotions in robot speech, and prefer it over the standard robotic voice. It is important for the emotions in empathetic speech to be consistent with the language content of what is being said, and with the human users’ emotional state. Analyzing emotions in empathetic speech using valence-arousal model has revealed the importance of secondary emotions in developing empathetically speaking social robots.
Keywords: Angemessen(heit) (von Technik), Anthropomorphism, appropriate emotions, artificial empathy, artificial speech, control engineering computing, emotion recognition, empathetic speech, empathetically interacting robot, human perception experiment, Human robot interaction, human subjects, human users, human-robot interaction, Humans, ieee xplore, Medical services, robot interacting, Robot sensing systems, robot speech, Robots, service robot, social robots, speech synthesis, speech synthesizers, standard robotic voice, standards, Task Analysis -
(2018) : The model of moral motives: A map of the moral domain. In: Gray, Kurt James; Graham, Jesse (Hg.): Atlas of moral psychology: What do we evaluate when we evaluate moral character? - Helzer, Erik G.; Critcher, Clayton R.: New York, NY: The Guilford Press
Abstract: Motivation is fundamental to morality, which involves both an understanding of right and wrong—of what we should or should not do—and the activation or inhibition of these behaviors. The model of moral motives (MMM) has its roots in the most basic motivational processes recognized in psychology: approach and avoidance. The MMM crosses approach and avoidance processes with distinct levels of analysis reflecting the focus of one’s moral behavior: oneself (intrapersonal), another person (interpersonal), or the group (collective). As evident in this chapter, this produces six cells with unique moral motives, each reflecting how to be moral in that context. Our model explains these two innate processes that are generic from a psychological perspective and culturally uniform in their social function, with a special focus on how these processes manifest in different social contexts. However, it is important to clarify that our model does not try to explain the many ways in which c ultures elaborate on these basic processes. Learned cultural innovations, including everything from rituals and tradition, gossip and reputation, the rule of law, religion, governmental institutions, penal systems, leadership, and various forms of tribalism, are woven into moral behavior in different ways from culture to culture. These cultural elaborations on the two basic processes of moral behavior lead to unique societies that emphasize differing moral motives with differing levels of effectiveness. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved)
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(2018): The moderating role of kindness on the relation between trust and happiness. In: Current Psychology 3 (1). DOI: 10.1007/s12144-018-9886-7
Abstract: A number of studies show that trust enhances both national and individual happiness. However, the mechanism underlying this association remains unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of kindness in explaining the link between trust and happiness. Specifically, it was hypothesized that the more people believe that they have done for others, the stronger is the link between trust and happiness. Ninety-one students participated in a trust game and then completed measures assessing levels of happiness, trust, and kindness. Results revealed that level of happiness was related to the frequency of acts of kindness and the level of trust showed in a trust game. This finding suggests that while trust alone is associated with happiness, being kind strengthens this relationship. It seems that without prosocial activity people may not derive much happiness from being trusting. Possible explanations for the effects obtained and limitations of the study are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved) zitiert von 1