Alle Publikationen
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2016
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(2016): Bridging the Ethical Gap: From Human Principles to Robot Instructions. In: IEEE Intelligent Systems 31 (5), S. 76-82. DOI: 10.1109/MIS.2016.87
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/MIS.2016.87 Abstract: Asimov’s three laws of robotics and the Murphy-Woods alternative laws assume that a robot has the cognitive ability to make moral decisions, and fail to escape the myth of self-sufficiency. But ethical decision making on the part of robots in human-robot interaction is grounded on the interdependence of human and machine. Furthermore, the proposed laws are high-level principles that cannot easily be translated into machine instructions because there is an immense gap between the architecture, implementation, and activity of humans and robots in addressing ethical situations. The characterization of the ethical gap, particularly with reference to the Murphy-Woods laws, leads to a proposal for a shift in focus away from the autonomous behavior of the robot to human-robot communication at the interface, and the development of interdependence rules to underpin the process of ethical decision-making.
Keywords: autonomous behavior, cognitive ability, Context modeling, control engineering computing, ethical decision making, ethical gap, ethical interdependence, Ethics, human principle, human-robot interaction, human-robot interface, ieee xplore, Intelligent Systems, Law, laws of robotics, Moral & Ethik, Murphy-Woods alternative laws, Robot Ethics, robot instruction, Robot kinematics, Robot sensing systems, Robotics, standards 2015
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(2015): Learning to overcome cultural conflict through engaging with intelligent agents in synthetic cultures (PSYNDEXshort). In: International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education 25, S. 291-317
Abstract: Providing opportunities for children to engage with intercultural learning has frequently focused on exposure to the ritual, celebrations and festivals of cultures, with the view that such experiences will result in greater acceptance of cultural differences. Intercultural conflict is often avoided, bringing as it does particular pedagogical, ethical and political dilemmas of which cultures we place in conflict in the multicultural classroom. In this paper we discuss an alternative approach, providing children with an interactive learning experience with synthetic cultures and characters. The agent architecture developed to enable intelligent agents to exhibit culturally appropriate affect and behaviours is outlined. MIXER, an experiential learning application developed for 9-11 year old children on intercultural conflict is described, highlighting the learning goals and approaches. A school-based evaluation of MIXER with 144 UK children is presented. Children demonstrated high levels of comprehension, engagement and enjoyment of MIXER, with MIXER contributing to near and far transfer, supporting children's cognitive, emotional and behavioural learning and stimulating discussion and debate about how to resolve conflict.
Keywords: Anpassung und Einstellungen, Behavioural cultural tools, Bildungsprogramme und Lehrmethoden, Classroom Dynamics & Student Adjustment & Attitudes, Classrooms, Computer software, conflict, Conflict Resolution, Cross Cultural Differences, Culture & Ethnology, Curricula, Curriculum & Programs & Teaching Methods, Elementary School Students, Erfahrungslernen, Experiential Learning, Grundschüler, High School Students, intelligent agents, Intelligent Systems, Intelligente Agenten, Intelligente Systeme, Interaktion, Interkulturelle Unterschiede, Klassenräume, Konflikt, Konfliktlösung, Kultur und Ethnologie, Kulturforschung/ kulturelle Unterschiede, Lerntheorien, Mensch-Technik-Relation, Multicultural Education, Multikulturelle Erziehung, Pädagogische Psychologie, Schüler der Sekundarstufe, Sociocultural Factors, Software, Soziokulturelle Faktoren, verhaltensbezogene Kulturtechniken 2013
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(2013) : Let the machines do. How intelligent is Artificial Intelligence?: 2013 36th International Convention on Information and Communication Technology, Electronics and Microelectronics (MIPRO): Opatija, Croatia: IEEE, S. 947-952
Abstract: “Intelligent” systems are present around us. Such machines are not only tools in our hands, they are able to make decisions and perform actions directly in the real world or in the artificial worlds of the internet. But even in the latter case, their decisions have consequences to our life. Many of them still act as “assistance systems”, leaving the final decision to the human user. The trend goes to more autonomy of the machines, even in critical situations when humans become overloaded by complexity. Additionally, humans are more and more willing to accept the proposals of the machines. But is this technique mature enough to guide or even to replace human decision-making? Especially, perception appears to be a hard problem for technical equipment. How accurate, how safe can decisions be in the case of incomplete and unreliable data? The paper gives some overview about recent developments in Artificial Intelligence and Robotics, their capabilities and serious problems from a general point of view.
2010
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(2010): Flexible latching: A biologically-inspired mechanism for improving the management of homeostatic goals. In: COGNITIVE COMPUTATION 2 (3), S. 230-241. DOI: 10.1007/s12559-010-9057-0
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12559-010-9057-0 Abstract: Controlling cognitive systems like domestic robots or intelligent assistive environments requires striking an appropriate balance between responsiveness and persistence. Basic goal arbitration is an essential element of low level action selection for cognitive systems, necessarily preceding even deliberate control in the direction of attention. In natural intelligence, chemically regulated motivation systems focus an agent’s behavioural attention on one problem at a time. Such simple durative decision state can improve the efficiency of artificial action selection by avoiding dithering, but taken to extremes such systems can be inefficient and produce cognitively implausible results. This article describes and demonstrates an easy-to-implement, general-purpose latching method that allows for a balance between persistence and flexibility in the presence of interruptions. This appraisal-based system facilitates automatic reassessment of the current focus of attention by existing action-selection mechanisms. The proposed mechanism, flexible latching, drastically improves efficiency in handling multiple competing goals at the cost of a surprisingly small amount of additional code (or cognitive) complexity. We discuss implications of these results for understanding natural cognitive systems. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)
2009
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(2009) : An artificial neural network approach for creating an ethical artificial agent: 2009 IEEE International Symposium on Computational Intelligence in Robotics and Automation - (CIRA): Daejeon, Korea: IEEE, S. 290-295
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/CIRA.2009.5423190 Abstract: Autonomous robotic systems and intelligent artificial agents’ capability have advanced dramatically. Since the intelligent artificial agents have been developing more autonomous and human-like, the capability of them to make moral decisions becomes an important issue. In this work we developed an artificial neutral network which considered various effective factors for ethical assessment of an action to determine that if a behavior or an action is ethically permissible or not. We integrated this net to the BDI-agent model as a part of its reasoning process to behave ethically in various environments.
Keywords: AMA, Artificial ethical agent, Artificial intelligence, artificial neural network, artificial neural network approach, artificial neural networks, autonomous robotic systems, BDI-Agent, BDI-agent model, ethical artificial agent, ethical reasoning, Ethics, Humanoid Robots, Humans, ieee xplore, intelligent agent, intelligent artificial agents, intelligent robots, Intelligent Systems, machine ethics, Mobile robots, Moral & Ethik, multi-agent systems, neurocontrollers, reasoning process, Software agents, Turning -
(2009): Universal design of robot management system for daily-life-supporting robots. 18 - 21 Aug. 2009, Fukuoka International Congress Center, Fukuoka City, Japan ; ICROS-SICE international joint conference 2009 ; proceedings. Piscataway, NJ: IEEE (ICCAS-SICE). Online verfügbar unter http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/servlet/opac?punumber=5305883
Abstract: In order to cope with many problems of everyday activities which requires robots to accomplish complex yet routine tasks in changing environments, this study focuses on universality and proposes seven principles of universal design with robots. These principles are used to design a robot management system that manages and controls information-structured environment with robots, ambient intelligent systems, and everyday objects. A particular scenario is considered to verify the feasibility of the proposed design method.
2005
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(2005): Active affective State detection and user assistance with dynamic bayesian networks. In: IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics - Part A: Systems and Humans 35 (1), S. 93-105. DOI: 10.1109/TSMCA.2004.838454
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TSMCA.2004.838454 Abstract: With the rapid development of pervasive and ubiquitous computing applications, intelligent user-assistance systems face challenges of ambiguous, uncertain, and multimodal sensory observations, user’s changing state, and various constraints on available resources and costs in making decisions. We introduce a new probabilistic framework based on the dynamic Bayesian networks (DBNs) to dynamically model and recognize user’s affective states and to provide the appropriate assistance in order to keep user in a productive state. We incorporate an active sensing mechanism into the DBN framework to perform purposive and sufficing information integration in order to infer user’s affective state and to provide correct assistance in a timely and efficient manner. Experiments involving both synthetic and real data demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed framework as well as the effectiveness of the proposed active sensing strategy.
Keywords: active affective state detection, active fusion, active sensing mechanism, affective state detection, Angemessen(heit) (von Technik), Bayesian methods, Bayesian networks (BNs), belief networks, Context modeling, Costs, dynamic Bayesian networks, Face detection, ieee xplore, information integration, Information theory, Intelligent networks, Intelligent sensors, Intelligent Systems, intelligent user assistance system, probabilistic framework, sensor fusion, Systems engineering, theory, Ubiquitous computing, user assistance, user interfaces 2004
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(2004) : Emotional robotics based on iT/spl I.bar/Media: 30th Annual Conference of IEEE Industrial Electronics Society, 2004. IECON 2004, 3: Busan, South Korea: IEEE
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/IECON.2004.1432316 Abstract: Intelligence is thought to be related to interaction rather than a deep but passive thinking. Interactive tangible media "iTMedia" is proposed to explore these issues. Personal robotics is a major area to investigate these ideas. A new design methodology for personal and emotional robotics is proposed. Sciences of the artificial and intelligence have been investigated. A short history of artificial intelligence is presented in terms of logic, heuristics, and mobility; a science of intelligence is presented in terms of imitation and understanding; intelligence issues for robotics and intelligence measures are described. A design methodology for personal robots based on science of emotion is investigated. We investigate three different aspects of design: visceral, behavioral, and reflective. We also discuss affect and emotion in robots, robots that sense emotion, robots that induce emotion in people, and implications and ethical issues of emotional robots. Personal robotics for the elderly is investigated to explore these ideas.
Keywords: Artificial intelligence, Design methodology, emotion recognition, emotional robotics, ethical issues, History, Humans, ieee xplore, intelligent robots, Intelligent Systems, interactive systems, interactive tangible media, iT/spl I.bar/Media intelligence, Logic, Mechanical engineering, Mobile robots, Moral & Ethik, passive thinking, personal robotics, Robot sensing systems -
(2004) : Toward an actualization of social intelligence in human and robot collaborative systems: 2004 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS) (IEEE Cat. No.04CH37566), 4: 2004 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS) (IEEE Cat. No.04CH37566): Sendai, Japan: IEEE
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2004.1389916 Abstract: As robot technology is evolving and creating a social community between humans and robots, it is necessary to research and develop a new type of intelligence, which we refer to as "social intelligence”. Social intelligence enables natural and socially appropriate interactions. Its importance is gaining a growing interest among not just the human-computer interaction researchers but also robot technology researchers and developers. This article discusses the definition, importance, and benefits of social intelligence in human and robot collaborative systems. The virtual social environment is employed to implement an experimental social intelligence system because of its low cost and high flexibility. Software robots (i.e. agents) with the social intelligence model have been implemented by featuring an emotion model and a personality model under the virtual environment. The social intelligence model that handles affective responses is based on the theories of personality, emotion, and human-media interaction such as cognitive appraisal theory and media equation. The experiment was conducted with the virtual learning collaborative system to examine the effect of the social intelligence model in the collaborative system. The data showed that the users had more positive impressions about the usefulness and the application and learning experience when the cooperative agent displayed some social responses with personality and emotions. It should be noted here that the cooperative agent did not provide any explicit assistance for the human user such as giving clues and showing answers, and yet the user’s evaluation on the usefulness of the learning system was influenced by the social agent. The data also suggested that the cooperative agent contributed to the effectiveness of the learning system.
Keywords: APPRAISAL, Artificial intelligence, Cognitive robotics, Collaboration, Costs, groupware, human collaborative system, Human Computer Interaction, Human robot interaction, Humanoid Robots, ieee xplore, intelligent agent, intelligent robots, Intelligent Systems, Künstliche Intelligenz, learning system, learning systems, robot collaborative system, robot technology, Social intelligence, Software agents, software robot, Virtual environment
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