Alle Publikationen
- <<
- <
- 1
2018
-
(2018): A reinforcement sensitivity theory explanation of antisocial behaviour. In: Personality and Individual Differences 123, S. 87-93. DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2017.11.008
Abstract: A comprehensive explanation of antisocial behaviour (ASB) needs to focus on both individual differences in personality and life events as potentially predisposing factors. The current studies investigated the relative influence of both of these in males and females. We used the Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory (RST) of personality to investigate the extent to which dispositional approach and avoidance tendencies relate to ASB. In the first study, 287 participants reported their engagement in ASB and completed the RST Personality Questionnaire (RST-PQ). In the second study, a new sample of 282 participants completed the same measures as well as reporting the extent to which they had experienced life strains. Results from both studies showed a positive association between goal-drive persistence and ASB in males; while in females, a positive association was found between impulsivity and ASB. In Study 2, life strains explained further variance in ASB and this also show a gender differentiation: in males, there was a stronger relationship between financial strains and ASB while females showed an association between relational strains and ASB. Overall, results suggested that ASB is more pronounced in the male sample with an instrumental purpose while in the female sample personal life events are of more relevance. zitiert von 1
2017
-
(2017): Effects of reinforcement value on instruction following under schedules of negative reinforcement. In: Behavioural Processes 145, S. 27-30. DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2017.10.003
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28993244 Abstract: The effects of reinforcement value and social control on instruction following under a negative-reinforcement (escape) schedule were studied. Initially, responding produced timeouts from pressing a force cell under a low and a high force requirement on a fixed-ratio 1 schedule of reinforcement. Next, participants were reexposed to the low and high force requirements, but were instructed that the experimenter expected them to decrease the number of timeouts relative to the previous exposures to the procedure. Even though following the instruction led to a decrease in number of timeouts and to an increase in effort (i.e., was non-efficient), instruction following occurred consistently for each participant and was modulated by reinforcement value. That is, the decrease in the number of timeouts (i.e., instruction following) was lower under the high force requirement than under the low force requirement. These results replicate and extend previous findings that instructions interact with social and nonsocial contingencies in controlling human behavior.
-
(2017): Beyond the positive reinforcement of aggression. In: International Journal of Behavioral Development 42 (1), S. 73-82. DOI: 10.1177/0165025416671613
Abstract: Being surrounded by peers who are accepting of aggression is a significant predictor of the development and persistence of aggression in childhood and adolescence. Whereas past research has focused on social reinforcement mechanisms as the underlying processes, the present longitudinal study analysed the role of external control beliefs as an additional mediator explaining the link between peers’ acceptance of aggression and the development of aggressive behaviour. Drawing on a large community sample of N = 1,466 male and female children and adolescents from Germany aged between 10 and 18 years, results of latent structural equation modeling were consistent with the hypotheses that peer acceptance of aggression would predict external control beliefs in the social domain, which in turn, should predict aggressive behaviour over time. Additional multigroup analyses showed that the predicted pathways were consistent across gender and age groups. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved) zitiert von 1
2016
-
(2016): Desperately Seeking Support. In: Social Psychological and Personality Science 8 (2), S. 229-238. DOI: 10.1177/1948550616671402
Abstract: Much is unknown about adult attachment style formation. We investigate whether negative reinforcement schedules promote hallmark features of secure and anxious attachment styles in a shock threat support-seeking paradigm. Participants ostensibly asked for help from another participant seated in another room. Each time a shock threat signal appeared they were to press a button to indicate their need for help. The supporter could then stop the imminent shock. The reliability of the supporters was varied such that some supporters were consistent (continuous reinforcement) whereas others were inconsistent (variable ratio reinforcement). Results indicated that inconsistently responsive others, reinforcing on a variable ratio schedule, led to heightened approach-related attentional biases toward the supporter, measured by event-related potentials, increased positive attachment associations with the supporter, implicitly measured via a lexical decision task, and more negative explicit evaluations of the supporter. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved) zitiert von 3
-
(2016): Socially adaptive path planning in human environments using inverse reinforcement learning. In: International Journal of Social Robotics 8 (1), S. 51-66. DOI: 10.1007/s12369-015-0310-2
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-015-0310-2 Abstract: A key skill for mobile robots is the ability to navigate efficiently through their environment. In the case of social or assistive robots, this involves navigating through human crowds. Typical performance criteria, such as reaching the goal using the shortest path, are not appropriate in such environments, where it is more important for the robot to move in a socially adaptive manner such as respecting comfort zones of the pedestrians. We propose a framework for socially adaptive path planning in dynamic environments, by generating human-like path trajectory. Our framework consists of three modules: a feature extraction module, inverse reinforcement learning (IRL) module, and a path planning module. The feature extraction module extracts features necessary to characterize the state information, such as density and velocity of surrounding obstacles, from a RGB-depth sensor. The inverse reinforcement learning module uses a set of demonstration trajectories generated by an expert to learn the expert’s behaviour when faced with different state features, and represent it as a cost function that respects social variables. Finally, the planning module integrates a three-layer architecture, where a global path is optimized according to a classical shortest-path objective using a global map known a priori, a local path is planned over a shorter distance using the features extracted from a RGB-D sensor and the cost function inferred from IRL module, and a low-level system handles avoidance of immediate obstacles. We evaluate our approach by deploying it on a real robotic wheelchair platform in various scenarios, and comparing the robot trajectories to human trajectories. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved)
2015
-
(2015): Higher incentives can impair performance. Neural evidence on reinforcement and rationality. In: Social cognitive and affective neuroscience 10 (11), S. 1477-1483
Abstract: Examined the assumption that monetary incentives always result in increased performance. Human decision makers frequently focus on past performance, a form of reinforcement learning occasionally at odds with rational decision making. An incentivized belief-updating task from economics was employed to investigate this conflict through measurements of neural correlates of reward processing. 85 healthy college students (aged 19-29 years) participated in 2 experiments while electroencephalography (EEG) was recorded. Results showed that higher incentives fail to improve performance when immediate feedback on decision outcomes is provided. Subsequent analysis of the feedback-related negativity, an early event-related potential following feedback, revealed the mechanism behind this paradoxical effect. As incentives increase, the win/lose feedback becomes more prominent, leading to an increased reliance on reinforcement and more errors. This mechanism is relevant for economic decision making and the debate on performance-based payment. zitiert von 15
2014
-
(2014): Adolescent-specific patterns of behavior and neural activity during social reinforcement learning. In: Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience 14 (2), S. 683-697. DOI: 10.3758/s13415-014-0257-z
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24550063 Abstract: Humans are sophisticated social beings. Social cues from others are exceptionally salient, particularly during adolescence. Understanding how adolescents interpret and learn from variable social signals can provide insight into the observed shift in social sensitivity during this period. The present study tested 120 participants between the ages of 8 and 25 years on a social reinforcement learning task where the probability of receiving positive social feedback was parametrically manipulated. Seventy-eight of these participants completed the task during fMRI scanning. Modeling trial-by-trial learning, children and adults showed higher positive learning rates than did adolescents, suggesting that adolescents demonstrated less differentiation in their reaction times for peers who provided more positive feedback. Forming expectations about receiving positive social reinforcement correlated with neural activity within the medial prefrontal cortex and ventral striatum across age. Adolescents, unlike children and adults, showed greater insular activity during positive prediction error learning and increased activity in the supplementary motor cortex and the putamen when receiving positive social feedback regardless of the expected outcome, suggesting that peer approval may motivate adolescents toward action. While different amounts of positive social reinforcement enhanced learning in children and adults, all positive social reinforcement equally motivated adolescents. Together, these findings indicate that sensitivity to peer approval during adolescence goes beyond simple reinforcement theory accounts and suggest possible explanations for how peers may motivate adolescent behavior. zitiert von 59
Keywords: Adolescent, Adolescent Behavior, Adult, Age Factors, Brain Mapping, Brain/blood supply/physiology, Child, Cues, Female, Gruppenverhalten, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Lerntheorien, Male, Motivation, Neuropsychological Tests, Oxygen/blood, Photic Stimulation, Reinforcement, Reinforcement, Social, Sex Factors, Verhaltensforschung, Young Adult 2012
-
(2012): Social Learning Theory and Human Reinforcement. In: Sociological Spectrum 32 (2), S. 157-177. DOI: 10.1080/02732173.2012.646160
Abstract: Scholars differ in their assumptions about the strength of accumulated evidence concerning social learning theory. One area of potential weakness is a possible dearth of evidence regarding differential reinforcement, the theory’s central causal mechanism. We report results from a systematic review of (1) a sample of experimental studies concerning human reinforcement learning as well as (2) criminological/sociological studies cited by proponents as supportive of social learning theory. This review is designed to assess the empirical basis for reinforcement and social learning. It suggests that results of experimental research, though supportive of the reinforcement process, may be limited in applicability to social learning theory’s hypotheses regarding differential reinforcement, and direct tests of differential reinforcement hypotheses are rare in the non-experimental literature. We conclude that the strength of social learning theory could be enhanced by more thorough and direct testing of reinforcement hypotheses and we offer suggestions about how to accomplish that. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved) zitiert von 58
-
(2012): Effects of multisensory environments on stereotyped behaviours assessed as maintained by automatic reinforcement. In: Journal of applied research in intellectual disabilities : JARID 25 (6), S. 509-521. DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-3148.2012.00697.x
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23055285 Abstract: BACKGROUND The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of the sensory equipment provided in a multi-sensory environment (MSE) and the level of social contact provided on levels of stereotyped behaviours assessed as being maintained by automatic reinforcement. METHOD Stereotyped and engaged behaviours of two young people with severe intellectual disabilities were observed while the participants were either in a living room or in a MSE and receiving either high or low levels of interaction from carers. RESULTS For both participants, levels of stereotyped behaviour were lower in the MSE irrespective of the level of carer attention received, while levels of engagement were higher under conditions of high carer attention in both environments. CONCLUSIONS The results are consistent with the hypothesis that reductions in stereotyped behaviour observed in MSEs are due to the increased levels of specific sensory stimulation provided by such environments. zitiert von 14
Keywords: Adolescent, Attention, Autistic Disorder/psychology/rehabilitation, Environment, Female, Humans, Intellectual Disability/psychology/rehabilitation, Male, Observer Variation, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Reinforcement, Reinforcement (Psychology), Sensation, Sensory Art Therapies/methods, Stereotyped Behavior/physiology, Verhaltensforschung 2008
-
(2008): Terms of abuse as expression and reinforcement of cultures. In: INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INTERCULTURAL RELATIONS 32 (2), S. 174-185. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijintrel.2008.02.001
Abstract: Investigated cross-cultural differences in the expression and perception of verbal abuse terms. Nearly 3,000 university students (mean age 22 years) from Spain, Germany, France, Italy, Croatia, Poland, the United Kingdom, the United States, Norway, Greece, and the Netherlands were instructed to specify terms of abuse that they would employ in hypothetical social situations. Respondents also rated the offensiveness of each of the specified terms. A total of 12,000 abuse terms was thus obtained, which after analyzing for frequency, were reduced to 16 categories. Common to all national samples were terms that referred to genitals or sexual actions, mental abnormality, and impaired intelligence. In all countries, the use of abuse terms varied according to the gender of the target and actor in the hypothetical situations. Cross-cultural differences in the frequency of preferred abuse terms are explained in terms of variability between nations along the dimensions individualism, collectivism, masculinity-femininity, and virility. zitiert von 25
1968
-
(1968): The effectiveness of social reinforcement as a function of changes in rate of reinforcement. In: Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 4 (2), S. 123-142. DOI: 10.1016/0022-1031(68)90037-1
Abstract: One hundred and twenty subjects were divided into two groups, receiving either 100% or 33% reinforcement for the emission of the “correct” emotional-labeling response during an acquisition phase of 60 trials. This phase was followed by 60 trials during which conditions of none, or low change, moderate change, and substantial change from the base-line rates were established, thereby giving us three positive-discrepancy groups and three negative-discrepancy groups of 20 subjects each. Changes in the effectiveness of social reinforcement were assessed by comparing, through the use of difference scores, the average number of correct responses made during the last two blocks of the shift phase with the average number of correct responses made during the last two blocks of the acquisition series. As hypothesized, a significant interaction between the initial rate of reinforcement and amount of change was obtained. A negatively accelerated linear trend was found for the 100% groups and a quadratic trend peaking at the moderate-change level for the 33% groups. These results were interpreted as indicating the importance of direction as well as of the magnitude of change. Contrary to a second hypothesis, positivity of subjects' mood changes was significantly affected only by magnitude of change. It was also found that subjects who valued the experimenter's approval and who encountered a substantial decrement in rate of approval were more likely to be resistant to extinction and to volunteer for an unpleasant experiment than were their counterparts who received a substantial increase in rate of approval. These reactions were taken as supporting the notion, derived from the senior author's SRS model, that subjects may use ingratiation tacties to reduce disparities between current and past levels of reinforcement. zitiert von 9
-
(1968): The effects of different reinforcement contingencies in the development of social cooperation. In: Journal of experimental child psychology 6 (3), S. 402-426. DOI: 10.1016/0022-0965(68)90122-7
Abstract: In a series of five experiments, several reinforcement contingencies were evaluated as to their relative effectiveness in establishing and maintaining a behavioral pattern of social cooperation. Children, ranging from 5 to 10 years of age, were divided into six three-member groups. The data indicate that the highest group response rate is produced when positive reinforcement is provided to each of the group members, contingent upon the cooperative act, provided there is some form of individual feedback for appropriate individual responses. This particular reinforcement contingency, besides producing the highest group response rate, also resulted in the emergence of separate behavior patterns or roles for the members comprising each of the groups. zitiert von 48
- <<
- <
- 1