Alle Publikationen
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2018
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(2018): Ranking low, feeling high. How hierarchical position and experienced power promote prosocial behavior in response to procedural justice. In: The Journal of applied psychology 103 (2), S. 164-181. DOI: 10.1037/apl0000260
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28933910 Abstract: Research shows that power can lead to prosocial behavior by facilitating the behavioral expression of dispositional prosocial motivation. However, it is not clear how power may facilitate responses to contextual factors that promote prosocial motivation. Integrating fairness heuristic theory and the situated focus theory of power, we argue that in particular, organization members in lower (vs. higher) hierarchical positions who simultaneously experience a high (vs. low) sense of power respond with prosocial behavior to 1 important antecedent of prosocial motivation, that is, the enactment of procedural justice. The results from a multisource survey among employees and their leaders from various organizations (Study 1) and an experiment using a public goods dilemma (Study 2) support this prediction. Three subsequent experiments (Studies 3-5) show that this effect is mediated by perceptions of authority trustworthiness. Taken together, this research (a) helps resolve the debate regarding whether power promotes or undermines prosocial behavior, (b) demonstrates that hierarchical position and the sense of power can have very different effects on processes that are vital to the functioning of an organization, and (c) helps solve ambiguity regarding the roles of hierarchical position and power in fairness heuristic theory. (PsycINFO Database Record
2017
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(2017): Many kinds of kindness. The relationship between values and prosocial behaviour, S. 75-96. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-56352-7_4
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-56352-7_4 Abstract: Prosocial behaviour may be defined as behaviour that benefits other people or society. Some psychologists add that it is behaviour that is beneficial to others and does not benefit (or even disadvantages) the agent. These definitions concern the perceived consequences of behaviour, which are somewhat open to interpretation. As a result, there are many classes of behaviour that can be thought of as 'prosocial', with varying degrees of consensus across and within cultures. Displays of everyday kindness towards another human being, helping an elderly lady across the road, for instance, or cooking dinner for a friend, are perhaps almost universally considered prosocial. On the other hand, working in a clinic to provide access to contraceptives, and campaigning to prevent a new runway being built, are behaviours that might be perceived as prosocial by some people, and in some cultures, but as neutral or even antisocial by others. In this chapter, we look at different possible candidates for prosocial behaviour, from the interpersonal to the more political, and compared their relationship to values, across cultures where we can. In looking over the research to date on some of the main relationships between values and prosocial behaviour, Self-Transcendence appears to be a dominant positive motivating force, while Self-Enhancement is rarely associated with any behaviour that may be construed as prosocial. In fact, it is this values dimension, and within it particularly Power that is most solidly associated with antisocial behaviour. The Conservation/Openness-to-Change axis is more context-dependent in its patterns, often neutral and sometimes supporting and sometimes inhibiting both pro- and antisocial behaviour. This chapter has highlighted that prosocial behaviour, is a complex beast. If, by prosocial, we just mean an act of kindness, then we can easily limit ourselves to one class of behaviour and a set of studies that have an over-reliance on narrow experiments where a student is asked if they will come in next week to help their professor in the laboratory. If, by prosocial, we mean behaviour that benefits other people or society, then we have to open ourselves up to the full range of what these behaviours might be, and ask whether they would be considered prosocial in a culture different from our own. We could not consider every class of prosocial behaviour in this chapter, but we have approximated a range by looking at everyday kindness, political activism, pro-environmental behaviour and participation in organised groups that work in the interest of others. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved) zitiert von 1
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(2017): Encouraging Prosocial Decisions. The Role of Fairness Salience and Uncertainty. In: Journal of Behavioral Decision Making 30 (2), S. 502-515. DOI: 10.1002/bdm.1970
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/bdm.1970 Abstract: Although the decision to engage in prosocial behavior has received research attention, the literature offers a limited understanding of fairness and uncertainty as antecedents. We propose that one can encourage prosocial decision making simply by invoking the notion of fairness because of its effects on the perceived trustworthiness of the invoking party. We also elucidate the complex role of uncertainty in prosocial decisions in that it has a negative effect while also serving to strengthen the positive effect of fairness salience. Our ideas are tested in two prosocial decision contexts, including participative pricing (i.e., 'pay what you want') and charitable giving. Data from an archival study of a naturally occurring event and two controlled experiments offer support for our arguments. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved)
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(2017): Interactive effects of appeal type and social distance on helping intention. In: Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 45 (5), S. 785-794. DOI: 10.2224/sbp.6070
Abstract: We examined the interplay of appeal type and social distance in prosocial behavior in 3 studies. Results of Study 1, which was a single-factor design, showed that participants (n = 85) were more likely to evaluate the impact of their help on recipients when they were socially distant than when they were socially close. Results of Study 2 (n = 250) and Study 3 (n = 162), each of which was a 2 (appeal type: significance appeal vs. control appeal) × 2 (social distance: high vs. low) between-subjects design, showed that when the helper and recipient were socially distant, appeals that emphasized the significance of the help to the recipient increased helping intention, because there was a greater likelihood that the favor would be returned. However, such effect was mitigated when the social distance was small. Results suggest that the principles that are applied in interaction with others vary according to social distance. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved) zitiert von 6
2016
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(2016): Ein bisschen Wut tut gut - warum Manager moralisch motivierte Wut ernst nehmen sollten. In: Wirtschaftspsychologie aktuell 23 (1), S. 57-60
Abstract: Es wird die Wut im Arbeitsleben als alltagliches Phanomen und normale Begleiterscheinung bei Interaktionsprozessen zwischen Individuen erortert. Dabei geht es vor allem um den sensiblen Umgang von Fuhrungskraften mit Emotionen von Mitarbeitern. Haufig handelt es sich dabei um prosoziale oder moralisch motivierte Wut (MMW), die sich von herkommlicher Wut unterscheidet. Die MMW ist eine Emotion, die ein Fehlverhalten bewertet, um es dann verantwortungsbewusst zu korrigieren. In diesem Sinne ist MMW ein erregter Gemutszustand, der durch die Verletzung moralischer Standards hervorgerufen wird, andere mehr betrifft als das handelnde Individuum selbst und ein Korrekturverhalten nach sich zieht, selbst wenn es fur dieses Individuum ein Risiko darstellt. Dafur werden zwei Praxisbeispiele (Der Fall Edward Snowden und der VW-Abgasskandal) zitiert und am Beispiel des Films "Die zwolf Geschworenen"wird aufgezeigt, wie Handeln durch MMW beeinflusst wird. Fur Fuhrungskrafte ist es wichtig, verschiedene Arten der Wut zu erkennen und zwischen Wut als Personlichkeitsmerkmal (trait anger) und situationsbedingte Emotion (state anger) zu differenzieren. Nur so konnen Warnsignale von MMW erkannt und richtig eingeordnet werden.
2015
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(2015): Coordination, Collaboration and Cooperation. In: Interaction Studies 16 (3), S. 383-418. DOI: 10.1075/is.16.3.03ami
Abstract: Reviews the literature on the evolution and development of human cooperation, emphasizing important aspects of intercultural variation in collaborative and cooperative behavior. Humans have attained an unparalleled level of sophistication when engaging in collaborative and cooperative activities. Remarkably, the skills and motivation to engage in complex forms of collaboration and cooperation seem to emerge early on during infancy and childhood. The authors confront the different evolutionary scenarios in which cooperation may have emerged and provide the reader with a first orientation in the abundant literature on human cooperation. zitiert von 4
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(2015): The evolution and development of human cooperation. In: Interaction Studies 16 (3), S. 383-418
Abstract: Reviews the literature on the evolution and development of human cooperation, emphasizing important aspects of intercultural variation in collaborative and cooperative behavior. Humans have attained an unparalleled level of sophistication when engaging in collaborative and cooperative activities. Remarkably, the skills and motivation to engage in complex forms of collaboration and cooperation seem to emerge early on during infancy and childhood. The authors confront the different evolutionary scenarios in which cooperation may have emerged and provide the reader with a first orientation in the abundant literature on human cooperation.
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(2015): The prosocial versus proself power holder. How power influences sacrifice in romantic relationships. In: Personality & social psychology bulletin 41 (6), S. 779-790. DOI: 10.1177/0146167215579054
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167215579054 Abstract: Romantic partners often have to sacrifice their interests to benefit their partner or to maintain the relationship. In the present work, we investigated whether relative power within the relationship plays an important role in determining the extent to which partners are likely to sacrifice. Drawing from both classic theories and recent research on power, we tested two competing predictions on the relationship between power and sacrifice in romantic relationships. We tested whether (a) power is negatively related to sacrifice and (b) power is positively related to sacrifice. Furthermore, we also explored whether the association between power and sacrifice is moderated by commitment and inclusion of the other in the self. To test our hypotheses, we used different methodologies, including questionnaires, diary studies, and videotaped interactions. Results across the five studies (N = 1,088) consistently supported the hypothesis that power is negatively related to tendencies to sacrifice in close relationships. zitiert von 21
Keywords: Adult, Courtship, Female, Humans, Interaction, Interpersonal Control, Interpersonal Interaction, Interpersonal Relations, Intimacy, Male, Partnerschaft/ Beziehung, Persönlichkeitspsychologie, POWER, Power (Psychology), Prosocial Behavior, Relationship Quality Medical Subject Headings (MeSH): Adolescent, Romance, Social Behavior, Sozialpsychologie, Young -
(2015): How emotional expressions shape prosocial behavior. Interpersonal effects of anger and disappointment on compliance with requests. In: Motivation and Emotion 39 (1), S. 128-141. DOI: 10.1007/s11031-014-9421-6
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-014-9421-6 Abstract: People often express emotion to influence others, for instance when making a request. Yet, surprisingly little is known about how such emotional expressions shape compliance. We investigated the interpersonal effects of anger and disappointment on compliance with requests. In Experiments 1 and 2, participants were more willing to offer help and donate to charity when a request was accompanied by disappointment rather than anger or no emotion. In Experiment 3, which involved a behavioral paradigm, emotional expressions trumped the effect of an explicit descriptive norm: Expressions of disappointment fostered generosity despite a non-generous norm, and expressions of anger undermined generosity despite a generous norm. Mediation analyses in Experiments 2 and 3 revealed that disappointment was more effective than anger in eliciting compliance because it was perceived as more appropriate for the context. Findings are discussed in relation to theorizing on social influence and the soc ial functions of emotions. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved) zitiert von 25
2014
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(2014): Examining the many dimensions of children’s popularity. In: Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 33 (1), S. 62-80. DOI: 10.1177/0265407514562562
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407514562562 Abstract: Using peer nomination data, this study explored predictors of popularity among 144 third- through eighth-grade students in a diverse urban school. Findings demonstrated that children were more likely to be nominated as popular by peers when they exhibited higher levels of prosocial behavior or aggression. Furthermore, a significant interaction between prosocial behavior and aggression predicted popularity. Children with high levels of peer-nominated aggression were more likely to be viewed as popular when they were also nominated by their peers for engaging in high levels of prosocial behavior. Lastly, findings suggested that the positive association between prosocial behavior and popularity was stronger for girls than boys. Implications and areas for future research are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved) zitiert von 14
2012
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(2012): Justice and Conflicts. Theoretical and Empirical Contributions. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
Abstract: Explained the complex construct of moral courage. Moral courage is defined as courageous behavior accompanied by anger and indignation which intends to enforce societal and ethical norms without regard to one's own social costs. It is the risk of negative social consequences that distinguishes moral courage from other forms of prosocial behavior. Similarities and differences between moral courage, heroism, and social control are discussed. Determinants promoting or inhibiting morally courageous behavior include situational factors and particular personality traits including justice sensitivity, empathy, high self-assurance, and open-mindedness. The presence or absence of others has been found to be a particularly significant determinant of helping behavior but not morally courageous behavior. Training programs designed to promote moral courage are outlined. In summary, moral courage is an important concept and should be promoted within society. zitiert von: 59
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(2012): Empathy, prosocial behavior, and other aspects of kindness, S. 168-179
Abstract: This chapter deals with a multitude of dispositional variables, all interconnected by virtue of their focus on the benefit of others. We refer to them as the network of kindness. Baldwin and Baldwin (1970, p. 30) defined kindness as 'a motivation that is sometimes inferred from the fact that one person benefits another, provided the circumstances are appropriate.' Thus, kindness involves both the prosocial acts and the underlying motivations. This leads to an important distinction between empathy and prosocial behavior. Empathy is an other-oriented tendency to comprehend and share the (in most definitions, emotional) states of others. Sympathy and compassion that involve concern for others are related constructs (Eisenberg et al., 1999). Prosocial behavior is voluntary behavior (e.g., volunteering, sharing personal resources, providing instrumental help, and supporting others emotionally in times of distress) enacted with the intent of benefiting others (e.g., Eisenberg, Fabes, &c Spinrad, 2006). The distinctions and relationships among components of the network of kindness (e.g., altruism and prosocial behavior) have yielded very rich discussions in the literature that are beyond the scope of this chapter. In some cases prosocial behavior involves generosity, a behavior intended to benefit others beyond normative standards of giving, and sometimes it involves altruism, a behavior intended to benefit others at expense to the self.' It is virtually impossible to measure reliably prosocial behaviors that are purely altruistic because even the sense of doing good can be rewarding to the self (Andreoni, 1990). Therefore, prosocial behavior is often measured without strong evidence for the underlying motivation behind it (Eisenberg et al., 1999). Importantly, evolutionary reasoning (de Waal, 2008) and social-psychological research (Batson, 2009; Hoffman, 1988; Van Lange, 2008) both suggest that empathy may in many cases provide the underlying motivation for behaving prosocially. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved) zitiert von 12
2010
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(2010): Factors Affecting Courteous Behavior. In: The Journal of Social Psychology 115 (2), S. 169-174. DOI: 10.1080/00224545.1981.9711655
Abstract: Tested whether an individual could increase the likelihood that another person would act in a more courteous manner toward her or him. Ss were 84 males and 84 females who had to exit from a parking lot by walking through a 15-yd corridor with doors at both ends. Results show that only if a confederate (C) 'intentionally' held the 1st door open for the S would the S reciprocate and hold the 2nd door open for C. Males engaged in more courteous behavior than females, thus supporting previous studies that American females are less prosocial than males. (14 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved) zitiert von 7
2008
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Biel, Anders; Eek, Daniel; Gärling, Tommy; Gustafsson, Mathias (Hg.) (2008): New issues and paradigms in research on social dilemmas.. Toward an analysis of cooperation and fairness that includes concepts of cooperative game theory. Unter Mitarbeit von Axel Ostmann und Holger Meinhardt. New York: Springer
Abstract: Presents a game-theoretical analysis of cooperative and fair behavior. First, important concepts such as cooperation, fairness, bargaining, social dilemma, and communication are elaborated. The next sections introduce formal notation used to designate elements of noncooperative and cooperative games, and further define concepts such as core allocation and convexity. Several example games are outlined, including the CP3 game, and the HSW1 and HSW2 games. Solution concepts and properties of each example game are considered. Experimental results attained by S. Hackett et al. are reanalyzed, focusing on player efficiency and compliance, and providing geometric localization of game results. The results of the analysis suggest that common dilemma games are clear and convex, allowing for stable and efficient solutions. Players tended to compromise between the Nash equilibrium, the egalitarian standard, and the fairness standard. The interpretation of the findings considers the role of communication, the activation of behavior standards, and the equity of final results.
2007
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(2007) : Zivilcourage und Möglichkeiten ihrer Förderung In: Gollwitzer, Mario: Gewaltprävention bei Kindern und Jugendlichen: Aktuelle Erkenntnisse aus Forschung und Praxis: Göttingen [u.a.]: Hogrefe, S. 200-212
Abstract: Das Konzept der Zivilcourage wird definiert und ihre Förderung speziell bei Kindern und Jugendlichen wird beschrieben. Zunächst wird Zivilcourage von anderen Formen der Hilfeleistung abgegrenzt und somit eine theoretische Grundlage für die in der Folge beschriebenen Trainings geschaffen. Zudem wird entlang dieser Definition eine Abgrenzung zu anderen general- und spezialpräventiv wirkenden Maßnahmen vorgenommen. Die Vermittlung von Zivilcourage kann auf mehreren Wegen geschehen: (1) die direkte Vermittlung über Trainings und über eigenständiges Lernen mittels teilweise multimedial aufbereiteter Publikationen; (2) die indirekte Vermittlung über die Schulung von Personenkreisen, die mit Kindern und Jugendlichen in professionellen oder engen Peer-Kontakten stehen. In diesem Kontext wird auch auf die Bedeutung von Preisen und Vorbildern eingegangen. Abschließend werden Besonderheiten der jugendlichen Teilnehmer hinsichtlich ihrer Ausgangsbedingungen und Motivationslage thematisiert. zitiert von: 5
2002
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(2002): Biology, culture, and child rearing. The development of social motives
Abstract: Presents a theoretical model of the interaction of culture and biology in the development of social motives. Initially, results of a cross-cultural longitudinal study on the development of aggression and altruism in European and Asian children are presented: Mothers' child-rearing techniques correlated with children's aggressiveness and children's motives nine years later, children' motives were different across cultures, and culture-specific mother-child relationships were related to children's later social motives. Furthermore, the role of the cultural context in which child rearing is embedded is described by contrasting cultural norms, beliefs, and behaviors in Germany and Japan, including tradition, naive personality theories, value systems, self-concept, religion, seniority, and teachers' authority. Additionally, the role of biological factors in the development of social motives is discussed, including heritability, neuroanatomy, and chemical factors. Finally, cultural and biological factors are integrated in a model of social motive development, which assumes a decisive role of the attachment process between mother and child. Thus, motives are described as behavioral systems with a strong interconnection between culture and biology. zitiert von 23
1991
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(1991): On decorum in close relationships. Why aren't we polite to those we love?. In: Contemporary Social Psychology 15 (2), S. 63-65
Abstract: Discusses the curvilinear relationship between politeness and interdependency in which the former decreases as the latter increases up to a point of mutuality when politeness bottoms out and begins to increase again. In relationships of unequal dependency, the more dependent partner has less counterpower and will thus be more polite. Impoliteness is common for 3 reasons: misplaced expectations, opportunity, and lack of motivation. The motive to be accepted by others is a fundamental determinant of social conduct; once acceptance is assured, people become more surly toward those whose acceptance matters the most. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)
1917
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(1917): How to teach. New York: MacMillan Co, zuletzt geprüft am 25.04.2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/14866-000 Abstract: Morality is not a matter primarily of mere conduct. It involves conduct, but the essence of morality lies deeper than the act itself; motive, choice, are involved as well. Mere law-abiding is not morality in the strict sense of the word. One may keep the laws merely as a matter of blind habit. A prisoner in jail keeps the laws. A baby of four keeps the laws, but in neither case could such conduct be called moral. In neither of these cases do we find 'control' by the individual of impulses, nor 'conscious choice' of conduct. In the former compulsion was the controlling force, and in the second blind habit based on personal satisfaction. Conduct which outwardly conforms to social law and social progress is unmoral rather than moral. There is no instinct or inborn tendency that is primarily and distinctly moral as over against those that are social. That is the commonly accepted belief to-day. There is no moral instinct. Morality finds its root in the original nature of man, but not in a single moral instinct. Morality was much more susceptible to environmental influences than intellectual achievement, because it was much more a direction and guidance of capacities and tendencies possessed by every one. One's character is largely a product of one's environment. In proof of this, read the reports of reform schools, and the like. Children of criminal parents, removed from the environment of crime, grow up into moral persons. The pair of Jukes who left the Juke clan lost their criminal habits and brought up a family of children who were not immoral. Education cannot produce geniuses, but it can produce men and women whose chief concern is the wellbeing of the group. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved) zitiert von: 24
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