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2018
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(2018): Applied global health diplomacy: profile of health diplomats accredited to the UNITED STATES and foreign governments. In: GLOBALIZATION AND HEALTH 14
Abstract: Background: Global health diplomacy (GHD) is a burgeoning field bridging the priorities of global health and foreign affairs. Given the increasing need to mobilize disparate global health stakeholders coupled with the need to design complex public health partnerships to tackle issues of international concern, effective and timely cooperation among state actors is critical. Health Attaches represent this coordination focal point and are key diplomatic professionals at the forefront of GHD. Despite their unique mandate, little is published about this profession and the perspectives of those who work in the field. Methods: Through purposive sampling, we performed in-depth qualitative interviews with seven Health Attaches: three foreign Health Attaches accredited to the United States and four U.S. Health Attaches accredited to foreign governments. Our interviews explored four key topics: the role and mission of Health Attaches, skills needed to perform GHD, examples of successes and challenges in accomplishing their respective missions, and suggestions for the future development of the diplomatic profession. Results: We identified several lessons to apply to the growing field of GHD. First, GHD actors need to receive appropriate training to successfully negotiate the intersection of global health and foreign affairs. Participants suggested several areas of training that would benefit GHD actors: diplomacy and negotiation, applied science, and cross-cultural competency. Second, participants articulated the need for a career path for GHD practitioners, increased opportunities for on-the-job training and mentored experiences, and GHD competencies with defined levels of mastery that can be used in occupational evaluation and career development. Conclusions: Our findings indicate that skills in diplomacy and negotiation, applied science, and cross cultural competency are essential for the statecraft of Health Attaches. Additionally, establishing a clear career pathway for Health Attaches is critical for future maturation of the profession and for fostering effective global health action that aligns public health and foreign diplomacy outcomes. Achieving these goals would ensure that this special cadre of diplomats could effectively practice GHD and would also better position Health Attaches to take the lead in advancing shared global health goals among nation states in a new era of twenty-first century diplomacy.
Keywords: diplomatic training, SV 2017
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(2017): A diplomatic advantage? The effects of bilingualism and formal language training on language aptitude amongst Australian diplomatic officers. In: LANGUAGE AWARENESS 23 (3), S. 203-219
Abstract: This study sought to contribute to the growing literature on third and subsequent language learning by establishing whether bilingualism has an effect on ability to learn a subsequent language, as indicated by a measure of language aptitude, the Defense Language Aptitude Battery (DLAB). Test results were obtained for 142 diplomatic officers in the Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (DFAT). The officers' language biographies were elicited using an online questionnaire and were used to classify them as monolingual or bilingual, and with or without experience of formal language training. Results showed that bilinguals performed better on the aptitude test than monolinguals, as did those with prior formal training. This suggests that bilinguals' metalinguistic awareness, and likelihood of success in subsequent language learning, is higher than that of monolinguals, at least as measured by the DLAB.
Keywords: diplomatic training, SvA 2016
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(2016): Soft Diplomacy or Hard Policy Benefits? Exploring the Value of Cross-jurisdictional Learning Exchanges in Policy and Public Administration across the Asia-Pacific Region. In: ASR Chiang Mai University Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities 3 (1), S. 1-25
Abstract: Cross-jurisdictional learning exchange opportunities are unanimously endorsed as offering value, not only to individual and organizational development, but also to policy growth and jurisdictional diplomatic relations (see, for example, Robinson, 2016). When pressed for measurable impact, however, the question is how? On what grounds do such pursuits provide value and what, if anything, is unique to the style or practice of exchange that promotes value? This article explores links between three otherwise disconnected literatures to explore the possibilities of a unique Asia-Pacific pedagogy that marries substantive comparative policy learning with practical soft diplomacy outcomes, as well as learning and executive training enhancement. The first two literatures exist in comparative policy theory and practice, namely: (a) policy learning literature on best, smart, promising, and wise practices (see, for example, Bardach n.d.; Wesley-Esquimaux and Calliou, 2011); and (b) policy diffusion/ transfer/lesson-drawing literature (see, for example, Rose, 1993; Dolowitz and Marsh, 2000; Shipan and Volden, 2008). The third literature set is situated within policy training practice, namely, interactive and immersive learning pedagogy used in the executive education space (see, for example, Alford and Brock, 2014). These literatures all speak to value propositions underpinning cross-jurisdictional learning exchanges, but in different ways. This anticle uses the discrete case of the partnership between the Australia and New Zealand School of Government (ANZSOG) and the Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy (LKYSPP) to probe and synthesize these different literature perspectives. It maps an exploratory set of propositions to test with empirical research. It argues that there may be unique Asia-Pacific benefits in the soft diplomacy and hard policy arenas that come with cross-jurisdictional learning exchanges in the policy and public administration sphere. The paper advocates for more self-conscious reflection by practitioners and theorists on unique elements of (a)n Asia-Pacific pedagogy that might characterise particular value impacts for countries in the region, as well as for the region itself.
Keywords: diplomatic training, SV -
(2016): The making of a diplomat: the case of the French Diplomatic and Consular Institute as an identity workspace. In: EUROPEAN SECURITY 25 (4), S. 502-523
Abstract: This article analyses the creation of the Diplomatic and Consular Institute by the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs and conceptualises this new professional school of diplomacy as an "identity workspace" following the analysis of a cohort's learning experience. This article aims to spark a debate from a practice perspective on diplomatic training as offered by Ministries of Foreign Affairs in Europe.
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(2016): Chinese Agricultural Training Courses for African Officials: Between Power and Partnerships. In: WORLD DEVELOPMENT 81, S. 71-81
Abstract: Each year around 10,000 African officials are trained in China, across a range of themes. Among these, agriculture and development policy are prominent. In this paper we ask what lies behind this program, and how it fits with wider commercial, diplomatic, and geopolitical ambitions of China in Africa. Through work carried out in China, Ethiopia, Ghana, and Zimbabwe, involving attending courses, interviewing participants and lecturers, examining curricula and reviewing policy documents, we assess Chinese agricultural development courses, supported by China's Ministry of Commerce. Contrary to the argument that a singular "Beijing Consensus" is being pushed, we find a wide range of course offerings from a range of institutions across China, and extensive debate about agricultural development. This reflects the internal Chinese debate, and an approach to development emphasizing demonstration, experiment, and learning. Course participation involves officials from across Africa, and does not correlate with Chinese commercial interests in Africa. Commercial opportunities may be linked to training, and some courses are run by companies, although instances of take-up are few. The overall direct and immediate impact on agricultural development in Africa appears limited; instead the training program must be seen in relation to building relationships among a large group of African officials, and so the exertion of "soft power" in foreign policy, as part of development cooperation. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd.
Keywords: diplomatic training, SvA 2015
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(2015): Deployment guidelines for diplomats: current policy and practice. In: OCCUPATIONAL MEDICINE-OXFORD 65 (7), S. 535-541
Abstract: Background Diplomatic organizations routinely send staff to high-threat postings (HTPs) and consequentially have moral and legal obligations to protect their health as far as is reasonably practicable. Aims To carry out an international survey of diplomatic organizations that send personnel to HTPs to establish how they deal practically with their obligations to protect the mental health of their staff. Methods An online anonymous survey about their organizations' policies relating to HTPs completed by international diplomatic organizations. Results Fourteen of 30 organizations approached completed the questionnaire, with a response rate of 47%. Deployment length varied: no minimum (15%), a minimum of 2 years (39%) and a maximum of 2 (31%), 3 (15%) or 4 years (31%); one organization did not state any maximum. HTP and low-threat postings had the same policies in 46% of organizations. Additional care and support (66%), additional preparation (50%), enhanced leave (33%) and additional physical and mental health assessments were informally adopted to address psychosocial risks of deployment to HTPs. Conclusions There was little consensus on policies and practice for HTP deployment. We suggest that formal, consistently written guidelines, based on available quality evidence, and associated training and quality assurance should be formulated to make international practice more consistent and equitable.
Keywords: diplomatic training, SvA 2014
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(2014): ’e-Protocol’ AND IC. In: TRANSYLVANIAN REVIEW OF ADMINISTRATIVE SCIENCES, S. 21-33
Abstract: The current research aims at providing the academic world with a new integrated and cross-disciplinary approach to Protocol and IT&ICT consequences for administrative staff training. The need to upgrade and update the training programs for public administrations staff according to IC&T requirements matches the prospective expert / professionals framework of competences. A key observation is that the litera-ture in the feld of staff training for social and institutional protocol within notorious training centers focuses more on the status-quo of the desirable competences and less on technology. By means of a rather refexive set of tools, we have tried to offer some support so as to digitize the social and institutional protocol, thus promoting some software packages designed by experts in both fields. Moreover, this software is likely to sustain both training and professional development pro-grams as well as effcient specialized procedures for promotion and simulation.
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(2014): Global Health Diplomacy, ’Smart Power’, and the New World Order. In: GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH 9 (7), S. 787-807
Abstract: Both the theory and practice of foreign policy and diplomacy, including systems of hard and soft power, are undergoing paradigm shifts, with an increasing number of innovative actors and strategies contributing to international relations outcomes in the 'New World Order'. Concurrently, global health programmes continue to ascend the political spectrum in scale, scope and influence. This concatenation of circumstances has demanded a re-examination of the existing and potential effectiveness of global health programmes in the 'smart power' context, based on adherence to a range of design, implementation and assessment criteria, which may simultaneously optimise their humanitarian, foreign policy and diplomatic effectiveness. A synthesis of contemporary characteristics of 'global health diplomacy' and 'global health as foreign policy', grouped by common themes and generated in the context of related field experiences, are presented in the form of 'Top Ten' criteria lists for optimising both diplomatic and foreign policy effectiveness of global health programmes, and criteria are presented in concert with an examination of implications for programme design and delivery. Key criteria for global health programmes that are sensitised to both diplomatic and foreign policy goals include visibility, sustainability, geostrategic considerations, accountability, effectiveness and alignment with broader policy objectives. Though diplomacy is a component of foreign policy, criteria for 'diplomatically-sensitised' versus 'foreign policy-sensitised' global health programmes were not always consistent, and were occasionally in conflict, with each other. The desirability of making diplomatic and foreign policy criteria explicit, rather than implicit, in the context of global health programme design, delivery and evaluation are reflected in the identified implications for (1) international security, (2) programme evaluation, (3) funding and resource allocation decisions, (4) approval systems and (5) training. On this basis, global health programmes are shown to provide a valuable, yet underutilised, tool for diplomacy and foreign policy purposes, including their role in the pursuit of benign international influence. A corresponding alignment of resources between 'hard' and 'smart' power options is encouraged.
Keywords: diplomatic training, SvA 2012
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(2012): Chinese Education in Diplomacy. In: CHINA-AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL 10 (1), S. 77-92
Abstract: This article reflects upon contemporary education in Chinese diplomacy covering three aspects: curriculum contents, teaching methods and teaching goals. It argues that the curriculum contents have the following shortcomings: poor awareness of the real problems in China's diplomatic practices, lack of global awareness that is consistent with China's image as a great country, blurring of the boundaries between academic and policy systems, oversight of practices and lack of good understanding of ancient, early modern and contemporary Chinese diplomacy and lack of adequate training in research methodologies. Teaching methods are problematic as the continued dependence on traditional historical research methods has failed to recognise the usefulness of theoretical analytic tools. Also, the value of case studies has not been fully recognised and utilised. With regard to teaching goals, Chinese diplomatic teaching desperately needs some vitality. This article makes recommendations for improving Chinese education in diplomacy, such as applying psychology in diplomatic education, offering a course on comparative diplomacy, developing a course on diplomacy theory, emphasising diplomatic history and improving the training in social sciences research methodologies.
2011
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(2011): Young Diplomats’ Socialization to the Networked Professional Cultures of Their Workplace Communities. In: VOCATIONS AND LEARNING 4 (3), S. 253-273
Abstract: The purpose of the present investigation was to examine young diplomats' socialization to the professional expert culture of the Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland over a six-month on-job training period, as part of their preparation for service in the diplomatic corps. Using social network analysis, we analyzed departments' internal social structures, prevailing social relations, and the young diplomats' role and position in the networks of knowledge acquisition, practical know-how, and professional collaboration. Data collected by contextual event sampling and theme interviews and analyzed by qualitative content analysis were used to characterize the young diplomats' personal social support networks, resources obtained, as well as associated reflections regarding their functioning in and socialization to the departmental workplace community. The results indicated that across the six-month training period, the young diplomats became involved to the workplace communities' networked expertise and were socialized to its expert culture, even if their achieved networking positions differed. The results revealed differences between levels of collective operational practices in the workplace communities as well as the nature of assignments in which the young diplomats participated and for which they were responsible. It was proposed that these differences mirrored distinction between expansive natures of young diplomats' workplace communities as learning environments.
2007
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(2007): Confronting Peaceful Co-existence: Psychological Warfare and the Role of Interdoc, 1963-72. In: COLD WAR HISTORY 7 (1), S. 19-43
Abstract: Interest in Cold War psychological warfare and propaganda operations by both East and West, and the institutions that have pursued them, has increased among diplomatic historians over the last decade. 1 As an addition to the burgeoning literature on the ideological dimension of the conflict, this article examines the foundation and purpose of the International Information and Documentation Center or 'Interdoc'. Founded in 1963 in The Hague, Interdoc was meant to develop a psychological response to the Soviet strategy of 'peaceful coexistence'. Its arrival was the result of discussions between French, German, and Dutch intelligence services, along with individuals from industry and academia, that had taken place over the previous six years. Interdoc's central focus was to increase the level of understanding of communist doctrine and practice by stimulating and making available well-researched information on the policies and realities of the Soviet bloc. By the end of the 1960s Interdoc had expanded into a centre of increasing activity for research, training, conference, and publication programmes. However, at the point when plans were being made to extend its operations by making contacts with the Eastern bloc, Chancellor Brandt's pursuit of Ostpolitik caused a catastrophic withdrawal of German financial support.
Keywords: diplomatic training, SvA 2005
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(2005): Al-Qaeda’s operational evolution: Behavioral and organizational perspectives. In: BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES 23 (4), S. 467-483
Abstract: Al-Qaeda is widely regarded by the military, law enforcement, diplomatic, and intelligence communities as being the foremost threat to U.S. national security and safety. The nature of this threat, however, has changed since al-Qaeda first emerged in the late 1980s. This article describes the emergence of a new form of transnational terrorism and details al-Qaeda's progression from being an organization to an ideological movement. Drawing on a theory of social movements, we analyze its trajectory and the levels of influence. We also offer a behavioral perspective in explaining how al-Qaeda has adapted as a learning organization with new leadership, tactics, and patterns of recruitment and training. Copyright (c) 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Keywords: diplomatic training, SvA 2003
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(2003): Putting visual images and sound on a par with written sources - Proposing diplomatic standards for audio-visual documentation. In: BIBLIOTHEQUE DE L ECOLE DES CHARTES 161 (2), S. 553-601
Abstract: Twentieth-century audio-visual documents (photographs, films and recordings) are as numerous as records on paper. They have become ever more important in both public and private spheres. Nonetheless, historians have not used them to their full extent, because of a twofold obstacle, namely a technical barrier and a methodological problem. Firstly, they come up against the prerequisite that one must acquire some knowledge of the technology and processes involved in making audio-visual documents, just as mediaeval scholars are trained in palaeography and philology. As to methods, there are no analytical tools that might compare with those developed long ago by traditional diplomatic criticism. This article outlines the scientific, technical and methodological elements (form, production, transmission, edition and exploitation) necessary to establish a diplomatics of audio-visual documents and to develop their use for historical research.
Keywords: diplomatic training, SvA 2002
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(2002): Preparing for European diplomacy?. In: JOURNAL OF COMMON MARKET STUDIES 40 (5), S. 849-870
Abstract: The literature on European foreign policy has paid scant attention to one critical aspect - European diplomacy. This article considers the nature of European diplomacy, the ways in which it manifests itself and, most importantly, the preparation of EU officials as well as national diplomats for European diplomacy. It is argued that more attention needs to be paid to training so that they may engage more effectively in European diplomacy. In order to facilitate this, support is lent to the idea of establishing a College of European Diplomacy. Effective European foreign policy needs a professional supporting diplomatic service.
2000
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(2000): Babylonian diplomacy in the Amarna Letters. In: JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ORIENTAL SOCIETY 120 (3), S. 377-382
Abstract: Modern commentators view the pattern of negotiations in the Amarna Letters as reflecting an imbalance between Egypt and the Asiatic great powers. The Asiatic kings try unsuccessfully to wrest gold and status from the Pharaoh, and in doing so are often forced into humiliating concessions. The Babylonian dispatches are regarded as a prime example of this imbalance. Babylonian kings look, at best, self-abasing and, at worst, ridiculous, especially when describing their own actions and reactions in previous diplomatic incidents. A close analysis of Babylonian arguments, however, reveals a cunning and devious train of logic designed to gain the moral advantage over the Egyptian interlocutor. The Babylonian rulers used the cultural conventions of the day to send hidden messages, the meaning of which would nonetheless be unmistakable to the recipient.
Keywords: diplomatic training, SvA 1978
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(1978): MAKING OF DIPLOMATIC MIND - TRAINING, OUTLOOK, AND STYLE OF UNITED-STATES-FOREIGN-SERVICE OFFICERS, 1908-1931 - SCHULZINGER,RD. In: PACIFIC NORTHWEST QUARTERLY 69 (3)
Abstract: [book review] Abstract of the reviewed publication: Thesis (Ph. D.)--Yale University, 1971. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 320-355). Photocopy of typescript.
1975
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(1975): The making of the diplomatic mind. The training, outlook, and style of United States Foreign Service Officers, 1908-1931. Middletown/Conn.: Wesleyan Univ. Pr
Abstract: A subtle study of the currents of thought policy and special interest which produced reforms in the foreign service under the rogers act of 1924 the book is an example of how good historical research has revised the old clich of the 1920s as a period of sterile thoughtless isolationism.
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