Alle Publikationen
- <<
- <
- 1
2017
-
(2017): Locally noisy autonomous agents improve global human coordination in network experiments. In: Nature 545 (7654), S. 370-374. DOI: 10.1038/nature22332
DOI: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5912653 Abstract: Coordination in groups faces a sub-optimization problem and theory suggests that some randomness may help to achieve global optima. Here we performed experiments involving a networked colour coordination game in which groups of humans interacted with autonomous software agents (known as bots). Subjects (n = 4,000) were embedded in networks (n = 230) of 20 nodes, to which we sometimes added 3 bots. The bots were programmed with varying levels of behavioural randomness and different geodesic locations. We show that bots acting with small levels of random noise and placed in central locations meaningfully improve the collective performance of human groups, accelerating the median solution time by 55.6%. This is especially the case when the coordination problem is hard. Behavioural randomness worked not only by making the task of humans to whom the bots were connected easier, but also by affecting the gameplay of the humans among themselves and hence creating further cascades of benefit in global coordination in these heterogeneous systems.
2016
-
(2016): Status, Power, and Intergroup Relations. The Personal Is the Societal. In: Current Opinion in Psychology 11, S. 44-48. DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2016.05.012
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27453923 Abstract: Hierarchies in the correlated forms of power (resources) and status (prestige) are constants that organize human societies. This article reviews relevant social psychological literature and identifies several converging results concerning power and status. Whether rank is chronically possessed or temporarily embodied, higher ranks create psychological distance from others, allow agency by the higher ranked, and exact deference from the lower ranked. Beliefs that status entails competence are essentially universal. Interpersonal interactions create warmth-competence compensatory tradeoffs. Along with societal structures (enduring inequality), these tradeoffs reinforce status-competence beliefs. Race, class, and gender further illustrate these dynamics. Although status systems are resilient, they can shift, and understanding those change processes is an important direction for future research, as global demographic changes disrupt existing hierarchies. zitiert von 25
-
(2016): Systematizing Person-Group Relations (SPGR). In: Small Group Research 38 (5), S. 615-635. DOI: 10.1177/1046496407304334
Abstract: In this article a model for exploring group-processes called Systematizing Person-Group Relations (SPGR) is presented. First its theoretical foundation is laid out, then the model and its elements are explained in detail, and finally the model's potential for predicting group effectiveness is explored through the concept of group maturity.
2015
-
(2015): Evolutionary dynamics of group fairness. In: Journal of theoretical biology 378, S. 96-102. DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2015.04.025
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25936348 Abstract: The emergence and impact of fairness is commonly studied in the context of 2-person games, notably the Ultimatum Game. Often, however, humans face problems of collective action involving more than two individuals where fairness is known to play a very important role, and whose dynamics cannot be inferred from what is known from 2-person games. Here, we propose a generalization of the Ultimatum Game for an arbitrary number of players--the Multiplayer Ultimatum Game. Proposals are made to a group of responders who must individually reject or accept the proposal. If the total number of individual acceptances stands below a given threshold, the offer will be rejected; otherwise, the offer will be accepted, and equally shared by all responders. We investigate the evolution of fairness in populations of individuals by means of evolutionary game theory, providing both analytical insights and results from numerical simulations. We show how imposing stringent consensuses significantly increases the value of the proposals, leading to fairer outcomes and more tolerant players. Furthermore, we show how stochastic effects--such as imitation errors and/or errors when assessing the fitness of others--may further enhance the overall success in reaching fair collective action.
2013
-
(2013): Individual heterogeneity and costly punishment: A volunteer's dilemma. In: Proceedings of the Royal Society B 280 (1759). DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2013.0247
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.0247 Abstract: Social control and the enforcement of social norms glue a society together. It has been shown theoretically and empirically that informal punishment of wrongdoers fosters cooperation in human groups. Most of this research has focused on voluntary and uncoordinated punishment carried out by individual group members. However, as punishment is costly, it is an open question as to why humans engage in the punishment of wrongdoers even in one-time-only encounters. While evolved punitive preferences have been advocated as proximate explanations for such behaviour, the strategic nature of the punishment situation has remained underexplored. It has been suggested to conceive of the punishment situation as a volunteer's dilemma (VOD), where only one individual's action is necessary and sufficient to punish the wrongdoer. Here, we show experimentally that implementing the punishment situation as a VOD sustains cooperation in an environment where punishers and non-punishers coexist. Moreover, we show that punishment-cost heterogeneity allows individuals to tacitly agree on only the strongest group member carrying out the punishment, thereby increasing the effectiveness and efficiency of social norm enforcement. Our results corroborate that costly peer punishment can be explained without assuming punitive preferences and show that centralized sanctioning institutions can emerge from arbitrary individual differences.
2012
-
(2012): A status-enhancement account of overconfidence. In: Journal of personality and social psychology 103 (4), S. 718-735. DOI: 10.1037/a0029395
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22800286 Abstract: In explaining the prevalence of the overconfident belief that one is better than others, prior work has focused on the motive to maintain high self-esteem, abetted by biases in attention, memory, and cognition. An additional possibility is that overconfidence enhances the person's social status. We tested this status-enhancing account of overconfidence in 6 studies. Studies 1-3 found that overconfidence leads to higher social status in both short- and longer-term groups, using naturalistic and experimental designs. Study 4 applied a Brunswikian lens analysis (Brunswik, 1956) and found that overconfidence leads to a behavioral signature that makes the individual appear competent to others. Studies 5 and 6 measured and experimentally manipulated the desire for status and found that the status motive promotes overconfidence. Together, these studies suggest that people might so often believe they are better than others because it helps them achieve higher social status.
-
(2012): Young children enforce social norms selectively depending on the violator's group affiliation. In: Cognition 124 (3), S. 325-333. DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2012.06.004
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22766522 Abstract: To become cooperative members of their cultural groups, developing children must follow their group's social norms. But young children are not just blind norm followers, they are also active norm enforcers, for example, protesting and correcting when someone plays a conventional game the "wrong" way. In two studies, we asked whether young children enforce social norms on all people equally, or only on ingroup members who presumably know and respect the norm. We looked at both moral norms involving harm and conventional game norms involving rule violations. Three-year-old children actively protested violation of moral norms equally for ingroup and outgroup individuals, but they enforced conventional game norms for ingroup members only. Despite their ingroup favoritism, young children nevertheless hold ingroup members to standards whose violation they tolerate from outsiders.
Keywords: Child, Preschool, Children, Disziplin, Entwicklungspsychologie, Female, Good manners, Group Processes, Gruppennorm, Gruppenverhalten, Humans, Male, Morals, Normen, Observablen/Kriterien für sozial angemessenes Verhalten und dessen Bewertung, Postkasten, Psychologie, Reproducibility of Results, Social Behavior, Social Environment, Social Identification, social learning, Soziale Angemessenheit, Urban Population, Voraussetzungen für sozial angemessenes Verhalten 2011
-
(2011): Social identities, group norms, and threat. On the malleability of ingroup bias. In: Personality & social psychology bulletin 37 (1), S. 82-93. DOI: 10.1177/0146167210386120
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20956355 Abstract: Ingroup bias is one of the most basic intergroup phenomena and has been consistently demonstrated to be increased under conditions of existential threat. In the present research the authors question the omnipresence of ingroup bias under threat and test the assumptions that these effects depend on the content of social identity and group norm salient in a situation. In the first two studies cross-categorization and recategorization manipulations eliminated and even reversed mortality salience effects on bias in relations between English and Scottish students (Study 1) as well as English and French people (Study 2). In the third study the specific normative content of a given social identity (collectivism vs. individualism) was shown to moderate mortality salience effects on ingroup bias. The results of these studies suggest a social identity perspective on terror management processes. zitiert von 52
Keywords: Adolescent, Adult, Aggression/psychology, Attribution, Defense Mechanisms, England, European Continental Ancestry Group/psychology, Group Processes, Existentialism, Gruppenverhalten, Humans, Female, Ingroup Outgroup, France, Interpersonal Relations, Male, Response Bias, Scotland, Social Behavior, Social Group, Social Identification, Social Identity, Social Norms, Social Values, Students, Threat, Young Adult -
(2011): Sharing moral values: Anticipated ingroup respect as a determinant of adherence to morality-based (but not competence-based) group norms. In: Personality & social psychology bulletin 37 (8), S. 1117-1129. DOI: 10.1177/0146167211406906
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21540366 Abstract: This research examines how moral values regulate the behavior of individual group members. It argues that group members behave in line with moral group norms because they anticipate receiving ingroup respect when enacting moral values that are shared by ingroup members. Data from two experimental studies offer evidence in support. In Study 1 (N = 82), morality-based (but not competence-based) ingroup norms determined whether members of a low-status group opted for individual versus collective strategies for status improvement. This effect was mediated by anticipated ingroup respect and emerged regardless of whether group norms prescribed collectivistic or individualistic behavior. These effects were replicated in Study 2 (N = 69), where no comparable effect was found as a result of moral norms communicated by a higher status outgroup. This indicates that social identity implications rather than interdependence or more generic concerns about social approval or importance of cooperation drive these effects.
2010
-
(2010): Altruism and fairness. Unnatural selection?. In: Comptes rendus biologies 333 (2), S. 174-180. DOI: 10.1016/j.crvi.2009.12.005
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20338534 Abstract: Darwin admitted that the evolution of moral phenomena such as altruism and fairness, which are usually in opposition to the maximization of individual reproductive success, was not easily accounted for by natural selection. Later, authors have proposed additional mechanisms, including kin selection, inclusive fitness, and reciprocal altruism. In the present work, we explore the extent to which sexual selection has played a role in the appearance of human moral traits. It has been suggested that because certain moral virtues, including altruism and kindness, are sexually attractive, their evolution could have been shaped by the process of sexual selection. Our review suggests that although it is possible that sexual selection played such a role, it is difficult to determine the extent of its relevance, the specific form of this influence, and its interplay with other evolutionary mechanisms.
-
(2010): Equality versus differentiation. The effects of power dispersion on group interaction. In: The Journal of applied psychology 95 (6), S. 1032-1044. DOI: 10.1037/a0020373
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0020373 Abstract: Power is an inherent characteristic of social interaction, yet research has yet to fully explain what power and power dispersion may mean for conflict resolution in work groups. We found in a field study of 42 organizational work groups and a laboratory study of 40 negotiating dyads that the effects of power dispersion on conflict resolution are contingent on the level of interactants' power, thereby explaining contradictory theory and findings on power dispersion. We found that when members have low power, power dispersion is positively related to conflict resolution, but when members have high power, power dispersion is negatively related to conflict resolution (i.e., power equality is better). These findings can be explained by the mediating role of intragroup power struggles. Together, these findings suggest that power hierarchies function as a heuristic solution for conflict and contribute to adaptive social dynamics in groups with low, but not high, levels of power. zitiert von 106
Keywords: Arbeits - und Organisationspsychologie, Conflict Resolution, Einzelstudie / spezifisch, Female, group dynamics, Group Processes, Gruppenverhalten, Humans, Interaktionsforschung, Interpersonal Control Medical Subject Headings (MeSH): Adult, Male, Negotiating, POWER, Power (Psychology), social interaction, Work Teams, Workplace 2009
-
(2009): Testing and extending the group engagement model: Linkages between social identity, procedural justice, economic outcomes, and extrarole behavior. In: Journal of Applied Psychology 94 (2), S. 445-464. DOI: 10.1037/a0013935
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19271800 Abstract: Two field studies tested and extended the group engagement model (Tyler & Blader, 2000, Tyler & Blader, 2003) by examining the model with regard to employee extrarole behavior. Consistent with the group engagement model's predictions, results of these studies indicate that the social identities employees form around their work groups and their organizations are strongly related to whether employees engage in extrarole behaviors. Moreover, the studies demonstrated that social identity explains the impact of other factors that have previously been linked to extrarole behavior. In particular, the findings indicate that social identity mediates the effect of procedural justice judgments and economic outcomes on supervisor ratings of extrarole behavior. Overall, these studies provide compelling indication that social identity is an important determinant of behavior within work organizations and provide strong support for the application of the group engagement model in organizational settings.
-
(2009): Social competence and social skills training and intervention for children with Autism Spectrum Disorders. In: JOURNAL OF AUTISM AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS 39 (9), S. 1268-1277. DOI: 10.1007/s10803-009-0741-4
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19365716 Abstract: This study examined the effectiveness of a 30 week social competence and social skills group intervention program with children, ages 7-11, diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD). Eighteen children with ASD were assessed with pretreatment and posttreatment measures on the Walker-McConnell Scale (WMS) and the MGH YouthCare Social Competence Development Scale. Each received the 30-week intervention program. For comparison, a matched sample of ten non-ASD children was also assessed, but received no treatment. The findings indicated that each ASD intervention group demonstrated significant gains on the WMS and significant improvement in the areas of anxiety management, joint attention, and flexibility/transitions. Results suggest that this approach can be effective in improving core social deficits in individuals with ASD.
Keywords: Anxiety, Attention, Autistic Disorder, Awareness, Behavior Therapy, Character development, Child, Communication, Diagnosis, Disziplin, Erziehung, Erziehungswissenschaften, Female, Follow-Up Studies, (Freiheit von) Ängsten, Group, Group Processes, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Kinder, Kognitive Skills, Male, Mensch mit Behinderung, Methods, Negotiating, Personal Construct Theory, Personality Assessment, Postkasten, Problem Solving, PSYCHOLOGY, Psychotherapie, Social Adjustment, Social Behavior, Social Cognition, social competence training, social competences, social learning, Soziale Angemessenheit, Sozialkompetenz, SV, Therapy 2008
-
(2008): Becoming friends by chance. In: Psychological science 19 (5), S. 439-440. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02106.x
2006
-
(2006): Knowing your place: Self-perceptions of status in face-to-face groups. In: Journal of personality and social psychology 91 (6), S. 1094-1110. DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.91.6.1094
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17144767 Abstract: Status is the prominence, respect, and influence individuals enjoy in the eyes of others. Theories of positive illusions suggest that individuals form overly positive perceptions of their status in face-to-face groups. In contrast, the authors argue that individuals' perceptions of their status are highly accurate--that is, they closely match the group's perception of their status--because forming overly positive status self-perceptions can damage individuals' acceptance in a group. Therefore, the authors further argue that individuals are likely to refrain from status self-enhancement to maintain their belongingness in a group. Support for their hypotheses was found in 2 studies of status in face-to-face groups, using a social relations model approach (D. A. Kenny & L. La Voie, 1984). Individuals showed high accuracy in perceiving their status and even erred on the side of being overly humble. Moreover, enhancement in status self-perceptions was associated with lower levels of social acceptance.
2004
-
(2004): A conceptual review of decision making in social dilemmas. Applying a logic of appropriateness. In: Personality and social psychology review: An official journal of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Inc 8 (3), S. 281-307. DOI: 10.1207/s15327957pspr0803_4
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15454350 Abstract: Despite decades of experimental social dilemma research, "theoretical integration has proven elusive" (Smithson & Foddy, 1999, p. 14). To advance a theory of decision making in social dilemmas, this article provides a conceptual review of the literature that applies a "logic of appropriateness" (March, 1994) framework. The appropriateness framework suggests that people making decisions ask themselves (explicitly or implicitly), "What does a person like me do in a situation like this? " This question identifies 3 significant factors: recognition and classification of the kind of situation encountered, the identity of the individual making the decision, and the application of rules or heuristics in guiding behavioral choice. In contrast with dominant rational choice models, the appropriateness framework proposed accommodates the inherently social nature of social dilemmas, and the role of rule and heuristic based processing. Implications for the interpretation of past findings and the direction of future research are discussed.
Keywords: Angemessenheit, Aufgabenstruktur, Communication, Decision Making, Disziplin, entscheiden, Entscheidungsstruktur, Favoriten, Female, frames, Gender, Group Processes, Gruppendynamik, Gruppengröße, Humans, Identität, Identität der Akteure, Kommunikation, Logic, Logic of Appropriateness, Logik, Macht und Status, Male, Modelle/Theorien, Observablen/Kriterien für sozial angemessenes Verhalten und dessen Bewertung, Payoff Struktur, Persönliche Geschichte, Persönlichkeit, Protocol of Play, Psychologie, Regelwerke, Respnse Options, Sex Factors, Situationsdefinition, Situationsfaktoren, Social Behavior, Social Identification, Soziale Angemessenheit, Soziale Motive, Soziale Struktur, Subjektive Definition der Entscheidungssituation, Überblick, Unsicherheit, Ursachen, Voraussetzungen für sozial angemessenes Verhalten, Wahrnehmungsfaktoren 2003
-
(2003): Respect for group members: Intragroup determinants of collective identification and group-serving behavior. In: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 29 (2), S. 183-193. DOI: 10.1177/0146167202239043
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167202239043 Abstract: This experiment examined how (disrespectful vs. respectful) treatment and (negative vs. positive) performance evaluation, both received from the same fellow group members, affects collective identification and willingness to engage in group-serving behavior. It was predicted and found that respectful as opposed to disrespectful intragroup treatment increased collective identification and willingness to engage in group-serving behavior in the immediate group situation, irrespective of whether intragroup evaluation was positive or negative. There was also evidence of a mediating role of collective identification. Regression analyses based on the measurement of perceived intragroup treatment and perceived intragroup evaluation as continuous variables corroborated these findings but also pointed to limits of the positive effects of respectful intragroup treatment. Finally, the interrelation of treatment and evaluation by fellow group members as two possible components of intragroup respect are discussed as well as the political dimension of research on intragroup respect.
Keywords: Adult, Altruism, Attitude, Cooperative Behavior, Female, Group Processes, Humans, Male, Social Behavior, Social Identification -
(2003): The group engagement model: Procedural justice, social identity, and cooperative behavior. In: Personality and Social Psychology Review 7 (4), S. 349-361. DOI: 10.1207/S15327957PSPR0704_07
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327957PSPR0704_07 Abstract: The group engagement model expands the insights of the group-value model of procedural justice and the relational model of authority into an explanation for why procedural justice shapes cooperation in groups, organizations, and societies. It hypothesizes that procedures are important because they shape people's social identity within groups, and social identity in turn influences attitudes, values, and behaviors. The model further hypothesizes that resource judgments exercise their influence indirectly by shaping social identity. This social identity mediation hypothesis explains why people focus on procedural justice, and in particular on procedural elements related to the quality of their interpersonal treatment, because those elements carry the most social identity-relevant information. In this article, we review several key insights of the group engagement model, relate these insights to important trends in psychological research on justice, and discuss implications of the model for the future of procedural justice research.
1983
-
(1983): Group training for the promotion of social competence – Conception and initial results of the evaluation. In: ZEITSCHRIFT FUR KLINISCHE PSYCHOLOGIE-FORSCHUNG UND PRAXIS 12 (4), S. 229-244
Abstract: [-]
- <<
- <
- 1