Alle Publikationen
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1994
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(1994): Beyond politeness theory. ‘Face’ revisited and renewed. In: Journal of Pragmatics 21 (5), S. 451-486. DOI: 10.1016/0378-2166(94)90025-6
Abstract: After reviewing Brown and Levinson's face-saving model of politeness in light of Goffman's original discussion of face, and tracing the origin of this concept back to Chinese, the essay analyzes in detail the Chinese concept of face (that is, mianzi and lian), pointing out its interactional differences from Brown and Levinson's negative and positive face. The essay further examines an intrinsic link between face and politeness (limao) in Chinese, and draws upon studies of Japanese interaction and its underlying concept of face. The essay argues that Brown and Levinson's claim to provide a universally valid model of face is empirically inadequate; the dynamics of Chinese face call for an alternative, and more flexible framework. It is therefore suggested that a relative face orientation construct be posited to address cultural variations in notions of face and to identify two competing forces shaping our interactional behaviors: the ideal social identity and the ideal individual autonomy.. The essay finally analyzes two Chinese discourse activities-a pre-dinner invitation and a post-dinner offer-focusing on the complexity of Chinese face, and discussing its persistent, mutually shared, orientation toward an ideal social identity.
1993
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(1993): Preface. The search for integrated universals of linguistic politeness. In: Multilingua - Journal of Cross-Cultural and Interlanguage Communication 12 (1), S. 7-12. DOI: 10.1515/mult.1993.12.1.7
Abstract: The surge of interest in the topic of linguistic politeness that has developed in the field of pragmatics since the middle of the 1970s has led to the publication of four special issues in various Journals, devoted to this topic (Walters 1981; Ide 1988, 1989b; Blum-Kulka and Kasper 1990), as well as aseparate collection of articles (Watts, Ide and Ehlich 1992). In presenting this, the third in the series of special issues on politeness to appear in Multilingua, the editor seems to be responsible for reviewing what has been accomplished in these publications and others so that we can see where we now stand and contemplate what lies ahead to be investigated.
Keywords: Disziplin, Good manners, Höflichkeit, Klassiker, Linguistik, Soziale Angemessenheit, Überblick, western-bias 1990
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(1990): Politeness phenomena in modern Chinese. In: Journal of Pragmatics 14 (2), S. 237-257. DOI: 10.1016/0378-2166(90)90082-O
Abstract: This paper presents an account of politeness phenomena in modern Chinese. The modern conception of politeness as well as its historical origin are discussed. A critical comparison is made between western notions of face and politeness and their Chinese counterparts. Four politeness maxims are formulated and illustrated. The relation between politeness on the one hand, and language and conversation on the other, is also discussed.
1989
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(1989): Formal forms and discernment. Two neglected aspects of universals of linguistic politeness. In: Multilingua - Journal of Cross-Cultural and Interlanguage Communication 8 (2-3), S. 223-248. DOI: 10.1515/mult.1989.8.2-3.223
Abstract: Brown and Levinson (1878, 1987) proposed principles of language usage according to politeness, which they claim to be universal. Their principles are supported by evidence from three languages of different origins. However, the universality of the principles is questionable from the perspective of language and usage which are distinctly relevant to linguistic politeness in Japanese. The neglected linguistic aspect is the choice of 'formal linguistic forms' among varieties with different degrees of formality. The neglected aspect of usage is 'discernment': the speaker's use of polite expressions according to social conventions rather than interactional strategy. This paper claims that a comprehensive framework for universals of linguistic politeness will have to incorporate these aspects outside of their scope. Finally, the justification of the comprehensive framework is discussed in terms of Weber's typology of actions and Habermas' theory of communicative action.
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(1989): Politeness and conversational universals – observations from Japanese. In: Multilingua - Journal of Cross-Cultural and Interlanguage Communication 8 (2-3), S. 207-222. DOI: 10.1515/mult.1989.8.2-3.207
Abstract: Principles of conversation as postulated by Grice (1975), and the politeness theory proposed by Brown and Levinson (1978, 1987) are both presented as universal. Observations of politeness phenomena in Japanese, especially in the use of honorifics, cast such doubt on the explanatory power of these two theories for non- Western languages that it is not clear how, short of major revision, they can be considered as giving an adequate account of conversation and linguistic politeness. In Japanese, for example, social context plays a much larger role than is assumed in their theories. The discrepancy between the theories and practice in Japanese seems to be rooted in the variability across cultures in the expectation of the quantity and type of Information that should be conveyed in linguistic communication and in the variability of the motivations underlying the manifestation of politeness.
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