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2019
Bremner, Paul; Dennis, Louise A.; Fisher, Michael; Winfield, Alan F. (2019): On Proactive, Transparent, and Verifiable Ethical Reasoning for Robots. In: Proceedings of the IEEE 107 (3), S. 541-561. DOI: 10.1109/JPROC.2019.2898267

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/JPROC.2019.2898267

Abstract: Previous work on ethical machine reasoning has largely been theoretical, and where such systems have been implemented, it has, in general, been only initial proofs of principle. Here, we address the question of desirable attributes for such systems to improve their real world utility, and how controllers with these attributes might be implemented. We propose that ethically critical machine reasoning should be proactive, transparent, and verifiable. We describe an architecture where the ethical reasoning is handled by a separate layer, augmenting a typical layered control architecture, ethically moderating the robot actions. It makes use of a simulation-based internal model and supports proactive, transparent, and verifiable ethical reasoning. To do so, the reasoning component of the ethical layer uses our Python-based belief-desire-intention (BDI) implementation. The declarative logic structure of BDI facilitates both transparency, through logging of the reasoning cycle, and formal verification methods. To prove the principles of our approach, we use a case study implementation to experimentally demonstrate its operation. Importantly, it is the first such robot controller where the ethical machine reasoning has been formally verified.

Keywords: BDI implementation, belief desire intention implementation, control engineering computing, Design methodology, ethical machine reasoning, ethical reasoning, Ethics, formal verification, ieee xplore, intelligent robots, layered control architecture, learning (artificial intelligence), machine learning, Moral & Ethik, Predictive models, Python, robot controller, robot programming, Robots, safety, simulation-based internal model, Social implications of technology, software architecture, transparency
2018
Ojha, Suman; Williams, Mary-Anne; Johnston, Benjamin (2018): The essence of ethical reasoning in robot-emotion processing. In: International Journal of Social Robotics 10 (2), S. 211-223. DOI: 10.1007/s12369-017-0459-y

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-017-0459-y

Abstract: As social robots become more and more intelligent and autonomous in operation, it is extremely important to ensure that such robots act in socially acceptable manner. More specifically, if such an autonomous robot is capable of generating and expressing emotions of its own, it should also have an ability to reason if it is ethical to exhibit a particular emotional state in response to a surrounding event. Most existing computational models of emotion for social robots have focused on achieving a certain level of believability of the emotions expressed. We argue that believability of a robot’s emotions, although crucially necessary, is not a sufficient quality to elicit socially acceptable emotions. Thus, we stress on the need of higher level of cognition in emotion processing mechanism which empowers social robots with an ability to decide if it is socially appropriate to express a particular emotion in a given context or it is better to inhibit such an experience. In this paper, we present the detailed mathematical explanation of the ethical reasoning mechanism in our computational model, EEGS, that helps a social robot to reach to the most socially acceptable emotional state when more than one emotions are elicited by an event. Experimental results show that ethical reasoning in EEGS helps in the generation of believable as well as socially acceptable emotions. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved)

Keywords: Believability, Computational emotion model, EEGS, Emotions, ethical reasoning, Ethics, Künstliche Intelligenz, Reasoning, Robotics, Social robotic, social robots, Socially acceptable emotions
2009
Honarvar, A. R.; Ghasem-Aghaee, N. (2009) : An artificial neural network approach for creating an ethical artificial agent: 2009 IEEE International Symposium on Computational Intelligence in Robotics and Automation - (CIRA): Daejeon, Korea: IEEE, S. 290-295

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/CIRA.2009.5423190

Abstract: Autonomous robotic systems and intelligent artificial agents’ capability have advanced dramatically. Since the intelligent artificial agents have been developing more autonomous and human-like, the capability of them to make moral decisions becomes an important issue. In this work we developed an artificial neutral network which considered various effective factors for ethical assessment of an action to determine that if a behavior or an action is ethically permissible or not. We integrated this net to the BDI-agent model as a part of its reasoning process to behave ethically in various environments.

Keywords: AMA, Artificial ethical agent, Artificial intelligence, artificial neural network, artificial neural network approach, artificial neural networks, autonomous robotic systems, BDI-Agent, BDI-agent model, ethical artificial agent, ethical reasoning, Ethics, Humanoid Robots, Humans, ieee xplore, intelligent agent, intelligent artificial agents, intelligent robots, Intelligent Systems, machine ethics, Mobile robots, Moral & Ethik, multi-agent systems, neurocontrollers, reasoning process, Software agents, Turning

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