Alle Publikationen
- <<
- <
- 1
2015
-
(2015) : Habit. History of the Concept In: Wright, James D.: International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences (Second Edition): Oxford: Elsevier, S. 475-479
Abstract: This article examines aspects of the history of the concept of habit in Western social thought. As an expression, the concept of habit has generally referred to a disposition to act as one has previously acted, whether in regard to simple behaviors, more complex forms of conduct, or broader characterological tendencies (habitus). Among social thinkers who have used the concept, habit has generally been applied to recurrent forms of moral, economic, political, and religious conduct insofar as these occur more or less automatically, thus differing from reflective forms of human action that entail the deliberative selection of means and ends by normative standards. While the history of the concept of habit has been roughly coextensive with the entirety of Western intellectual history, four phases are distinguished. The first phase, running from antiquity to the early 1800s, was marked by the frequent discussion of the role and significance of habit by thinkers ranging from Aristotle to the philosophers of the Enlightenment. The second phase, extending from the mid-nineteenth to the early twentieth century, was characterized by two contending developments. One of these was the invocation of the concept of habit by a great many European and American social theorists, including Emile Durkheim and Max Weber, and the use of the concept, in tandem with models of reflective action, to analyze human conduct in the social world. The second development in this period was the effort on the part of natural scientists to restrict habit to more elementary human and subhuman behaviors. The third phase, beginning roughly in the late 1910s, saw the successful appropriation of habit, narrowly conceived, by behaviorist psychologists and, in a strong countermovement, the abandonment of the concept by a majority of European and American social thinkers, who for the next half century conceptualized all human conduct exclusively in reflective terms. The fourth phase, extending from the early 1980s to the present time, has witnessed steps by social theorists and empirical researchers to revive and elaborate the concept of habit and to examine the relationship between habitual and reflective forms of human action. zitiert von 5
1989
-
(1989): No Good Manners. In: Contemporary Psychology: A Journal of Reviews 34 (5), S. 498-499. DOI: 10.1037/028057
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/028057 Abstract: Reviews the book, Philosophy of Psychology by Mario Bunge and Ruben Ardila (1987). Bunge and Ardila's book, although it has nothing to do with resemblances between ants and bees, deals with such central, even crucial matters that are often hidden in psychology. It starts by listing an impressive set of usually tacit philosophical principles involved in psychological research. Bunge does not handle psychologists with excessive tact. After discussing their hidden prejudices, he expands on irrelevant approaches such as mentalism and behaviorism, and then undertakes a defense and illustration of biopsychology, which is bound to please only the few psychologists who are engaged in such direction. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved)
-
Abstract: Unter Bezugnahme auf K. Foppas Konzept des rezeptiven Gedächtnisses, das er in seinem Beitrag "Über Lernen" (in Psychology Science 2003, 45, Supplement III) beschreibt, werden einige Recherchen und Reflexionen zum Thema "Gewohnheit" angestellt. Gewohnheit wird als ein Grundlagenphänomen des Verhaltens aufgefasst, das in der Psychologie nicht unbedingt adäquat behandelt wird und das mit dem rezeptiven Gedächtnis zusammenhängt. Kurze Betrachtungen unterschiedlicher Zugänge zu diesem Phänomen in ausgewählten Gebieten der Psychologie (Behaviorismus, Entwicklungspsychologie und kognitive Psychologie) und in der Philosophie lassen Bezüge zum rezeptiven Gedächtnis erkennen, die in der Zukunft theoretisch und empirisch vertieft werden müssen. - Der Beitrag ist mit einem Kommentar von K. Foppa versehen.
- <<
- <
- 1