Alle Publikationen
2000
-
(2000) : Verständigung als Strategie In: Hahn, Alois: Konstruktionen des Selbst, der Welt und der Geschichte: Aufsätze zur Kultursoziologie.: Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, S. 80-96Keywords: Youssef, Ramy
-
(2000): Politeness, Power and Provocation. How Humour Functions in the Workplace. In: Discourse Studies 2 (2), S. 159-185. DOI: 10.1177/1461445600002002002
Abstract: This article examines verbal humour in routine interactions within professional workplaces, using material recorded in four New Zealand government departments. The problem of defining humour is discussed, followed by a brief outline of the theoretical models which underpin the analysis of the various functions which humour serves in professional organizations. Humour can express positive affect in interaction. It can also facilitate or `licence' more negative interpersonal communicative intent. While politeness theory can account for the former, as a means of expressing collegiality at work, or de-emphasizing power imbalances, in its standard form politeness theory does not explain barbed, competitive or confrontational humour. For this it is necessary to look to `the dark side of politeness' (Austin, 1990). An alternative perspective thus examines the extent to which humour functions, especially in unequal encounters, as an acceptable strategy to help superiors maintain a position of power but also as a strategy used by subordinates to licence challenges to the power structures within which they operate, and as a legitimizing strategy in attempts at subverting the repressive or coercive discourse of superiors.
-
(2000): Fetishizing the modern city. The phantasmagoria of urban technological networks. In: International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 24 (1), S. 120-138. DOI: 10.1111/1468-2427.00239
Abstract: Technological networks (water, gas, electricity, information etc.) are constitutive parts of the urban. They are the mediators through which the perpetual process of transformation of nature into city takes place. In this article, we take water and water networks as an emblematic example to excavate the shifting meanings of urban technological networks during modernity. Indeed, as water becomes commodified and fetishized, nature itself becomes re-invented in its urban form (aesthetic, moral, cultural codings of hygiene, purity, cleanliness etc.) and severed from the grey, 'muddy', kaleidoscopic meanings and uses of water as a mere use-value. Burying the flow of water via subterranean and often distant pinpointed technological mediations (dams, purification plants, pumping stations) facilitates and contributes to masking the social relations through which the metabolic urbanization of water takes place. The veiled subterranean networking of water facilitates the severing of the intimate bond between use value, exchange value and social power. We argue that during early modernity, technologies themselves became enshrined as the sources of all the wonders of the city's water. Dams, water towers, sewage systems and the like were celebrated as glorious icons, carefully designed, ornamented and prominently located in the city, celebrating the modern promise of progress. During twentieth-century high-modernity, the symbolic and material shrines of progress started to lose their mobilizing powers and began to disappear from the cityscape. Water towers, dams and plants became mere engineering constructs, often abandoned and dilapidated, while the water flows disappeared underground and in-house. They also disappeared from the urban imagination. Urban networks became 'urban fetishes' during early modernity, 'compulsively' admired and marvelled at, materially and culturally supporting and enacting an ideology of progress. The subsequent failure of this 'ideology of progress' is paralleled by their underground disappearance during high-modernity, while the abandonment of their 'urban dowry' announced a recasting of modernity in new ways. We conclude that the dystopian underbelly of the city that at times springs up in the form of accumulated waste, dirty water, pollution, or social disintegration, produces a sharp contrast when set against the increasingly managed clarity of the urban environment. These contradictions are becoming difficult to be contained or displaced.
Keywords: Design -
(2000): A Cross-Cultural Study on Escalation of Commitment Behavior in Software Projects. In: MIS Quarterly 24 (2). DOI: 10.2307/3250940
Abstract: One of the most challenging decisions that a manager must confront is whether to continue or abandon a troubled project. Published studies suggest that failing software projects are often allowed to continue for too long before appropriate management action is taken to discontinue or redirect the efforts. The level of sunk cost associated with such projects has been offered as one explanation for this escalation of commitment behavior. What prior studies fail to consider is how concepts from risk-taking theory (such as risk propensity and risk perception) affect decision makers' willingness to continue a project under conditions of sunk cost. To better understand factors that may cause decision makers to continue such projects, this study examines the level of sunk cost together with the risk propensity and risk perception of decision makers. These factors are assessed for cross-cultural robustness using matching laboratory experiments carried out in three cultures (Finland, the Netherlands, and Singapore). With a wider set of explanatory factors than prior studies, we could account fora higher amount of variance in decision makers' willingness to continue a project. The level of sunk cost and the risk perception of decision makers contributed significantly to their willingness to continue a project. Moreover, the risk propensity of decision makers was inversely related to risk perception. This inverse relationship was significantly stronger in Singapore (a low uncertainty avoidance culture) than in Finland and the Netherlands (high uncertainty avoidance cultures). These results reveal that some factors behind decision makers' willingness to continue a project am consistent across cultures while others may be culture-sensitive. Implications of these results for further research and practice are discussed.
Keywords: Business Studies, culture sensitive, DE-ESCALATION, DETERMINANTS, Disziplin, Einfluss von wirtschaftlichen/finanziellen Konsequenzen, entscheiden, escalation of commitment behavior, FRAMEWORK, Information, INVOLVEMENT, Kultur, Kulturtheorie, Management, risk perception, risk propensity, Risk-Taking, software project management, STRUCTURAL EQUATION MODELS, sunk cost, SUNK COSTS -
(2000): The effects of self-regulation training on the social executive competence for children with learning disabilities. In: JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY RESEARCH 44
Abstract: Social competence of children with disabilities plays an important role in making good interactions with other children as well as family members. Major interventions on social involvement activities for children with learning disabilities are mostly about social control and cooperative competence. A self-regulation training on this study was developed to enhance these competence and was applied to children with learning disabilities to determine its effects. This study employed subjects who were lacking in social competence and who were enrolled in special classes in the elementary school. Major findings of this research are that the mean social involvement time on subjects is increased and that their abilities on social control and cooperation is enhanced. The self-regulation training shows its effects on increasing, maintaining and generalizing social control and cooperative competence.The presentation will describe the contents and procedures of the self-regulation training as well as implications of the research results.
-
(2000): The concept of anger. Universal or culture specific?. In: Psychopathology 33 (4), S. 159-170. DOI: 10.1159/000029139
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10867573 Abstract: I will suggest that the English word 'anger' and its counterparts in diverse languages of the world are based on concepts of anger that have a great deal of complexity. This conceptual complexity derives from several sources: (1) the metaphors and metonymies that apply to the concepts in various languages; (2) the prototypes of anger that people share in these cultures, and (3) the many different senses that the word anger and its counterparts have in different languages. We can ask: Are there any universal aspects of the concept(s) of anger? On the basis of linguistic evidence from English, Chinese, Japanese, Hungarian, Zulu and Wolof, I will suggest that there are, but I will also claim that some of the aspects are culture specific. This raises the further important question of why there is both universality and culture specificity in the conceptualization of this emotion. At stake is the issue of which of the following two contradictory claims is valid: (1) that anger is conceptualized in the same way universally, or (2) that anger is a social construction and thus varies considerably from culture to culture. I will propose a compromise view, which can be called 'body-based social constructionism', that enables us to see anger and its counterparts as both universal and culture specific.
-
(2000): Dreamscape: Simulation of the emergence of norms out of the state of nature using a computer-based rational choice model. In: Zeitschrift für Soziologie (29.6)
Abstract: This paper illustrates the use of computer simulation for the formalization of theories. The multi-agent model Dreamscape is an operationalization of Esser's Rational Choice Theory with a multi-agent system. The author examines the dynamics of the Rational Choice Theory by analyzing the emergence of social order our of the "state of nature" (Hobbes). The computer-based rational choice model Dreamscape models the "state of nature" as described by Hobbes with relative exactness. The computer-based analysis shows that conjunct norms emerge if deadly violence is not allowed. Oil the other hand, if individuals use deadly violence no social order emerges. A further result is the demand for an extension of the rules that regulate the creation of bridge hypotheses, which guide the operationalization of Esser's rational choice theory.
-
(2000): Organisation und Entscheidung. Opladen: Westdeutscher VerlagKeywords: Youssef, Ramy
-
(2000): Der Fürst (1513), hg. v. Rudolf Zorn, Stuttgart 1978. In: Discorsi. Staat und Politik (1513–1517), hg. von Horst Günther, Frankfurt/Main
-
(2000): Gibt es intelligente Roboter? : Warum und wie Menschen sich, anderen und Maschinen Intelligenz zuschreiben. In: 0041-9079. Online verfügbar unter https://katalogplus.ub.uni-bielefeld.de/cgi-bin/new_titel.cgi?katkey=0136804 pdx&sprache=GER&bestand=extKeywords: Künstliche Intelligenz
-
(2000): Studying perceptions of juror influence in vivo: A social relations analysis. In: Law and human behavior 24 (2), S. 173-186
Abstract: Because of legal constraints and statistical limitations there has been little research on social influence in actual juries. We used Kenny's (1994) social relations model to examine jurors' perceptions of social influence in the jury. After rendering a verdict in criminal or civil court cases, jurors rated how influential each member of the jury had been and provided self-reports of their personality traits. Perceptions of influence in the jury were mostly in the eye of the beholder, with jurors high in Conscientiousness and low in Openness being most likely to report that they were personally influenced by other jurors. There were small but statistically significant levels of consensus in the ratings of how influential the jurors were. To the extent that they did agree, jurors rated extraverted, tall men as most influential.
-
(2000): Liberal Civility and the Civility of Etiquette: Public Ideals and Personal ...: EBSCOhost. In: Social Theory and Practice 26 (1), S. 69-84. Online verfügbar unter http://web.a.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail/detail?vid=28&sid=fef2d251-509c-474f-a1d7-93aa3f7f75b0%40sessionmgr4009&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#AN=3151174&db=sih, zuletzt geprüft am 16.05.2018
Abstract: The article presents the author's views on the importance of civility in community. Several distinct communal aspects of life like family, friendship, and other associations, deeply constitutive of a person's identity, are included in a close-knit community. Civility is regarded as public notion and it includes ideas like the civic, the civil, and the civilian. Etiquette is an aspect which is closely related to moral and ethical concerns.
Keywords: Etikette, Fairness, Höflichkeit, Interkulturelle Kompetenz, Moral, Normen, Respekt, Soziales Miteinander, Umgangsformen -
(2000): Language and power. An empirical analysis of linguistic strategies used in superior-subordinate communication. In: Journal of Organizational Behavior 21 (3), S. 235-248. DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1379(200005)21:3<235::AID-JOB9>3.0.CO;2-N
Abstract: Importing the anthropological, sociolinguistic theory of 'politeness' into the domain of organizational studies, this article presents results of a laboratory study that illustrates how power is communicated through specific linguistic gestures differentially used by superiors and subordinates throughout daily interchange. The approach taken illustrates how language is amenable to quantitative, as opposed to sheerly qualitative analysis. Contributions of politeness theory to the study of organizational communication, of influence tactics, the distortion of communication in hierarchical relations, and the presumed egalitarianism associated with programmes of workplace participation, are discussed.
-
(2000): Reading a robot's mind. A model of utterance understanding based on the theory of mind mechanism. In: Advanced Robotics 14 (4), S. 311-326. DOI: 10.1163/156855300741609
Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to construct a methodology for smooth communication between humans and robots. Here, focus is on a mindreading mechanism, which is indispensable in human-human communication. We propose a model of utterance understanding based on this mechanism. Concretely speaking, we apply the model of a mindreading system to a model of human-robot communication. Moreover, we implement a robot interface system that applies our proposed model. The characteristic of our interface system is its ability to construct a relationship between a human and a robot by a method of having an agent, which interacts with the person, migrate from the mobile PC of the person to the robot. Psychological experiments were carried out to explore the validity of the following hypothesis: By reading a robot's mind based on such a relationship, a person can estimate the robot's intention with ease and, moreover, the person can even understand the robot's unclear utterances made by synthesized speech sounds. The results of the experiments statistically supported our hypothesis.
Keywords: Favoriten, theory of mind -
(2000): Collective Action and the Evolution of Social Norms. In: Journal of Economic Perspectives 14 (3), S. 137-158. DOI: 10.1257/jep.14.3.137
Abstract: I assume multiple types of players--"rational egoists," as well as "conditional cooperators" and "willing punishers"--in models of nonmarket behavior. I use an indirect evolutionary approach to explain how multiple types of players could survive and flourish in social dilemma situations. Contextual variables that enhance knowledge about past behavior assist in explaining the origin of collective action. Among the important contextual variables are types of goods, types of groups, and rules that groups use to provide and allocate goods. Finally, I reexamine a series of design principles that were derived earlier from an examination of extensive case materials.
-
(2000): Social cognition. London; Philadelphia: Routledge (Routledge modular psychology)
Abstract: Annotation
-
Perrig, Walter J.; Grob, Alexander (Hg.) (2000): Control of human behavior, mental processes, and consciousness. Essays in honor of the 60th birthday of August Flammer.. Hove, UK: Psychology Press
Keywords: social control -
(2000): Helfen, Strafen, Überwachen. Begriff und Praxis sozialer Kontrolle. In: Gruppe. Interaktion. Organisation. Zeitschrift für Angewandte Organisationspsychologie (GIO) 31 (1), S. 31-41. DOI: 10.1007/s11612-000-0003-6
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11612-000-0003-6 Abstract: Gegenwärtig sind Tendenzen zur Vorverlagerung sozialer Kontrolle und zur Delegation sozialer Kontrolle „nach unten“ zu erkennen. Bei der Vorverlagerungstendenz ist eine „Kriminalisierungsvariante“ von einer „Hilfevariante“ zu unterscheiden. Die Kriminalisierungsvariante entspricht verbreiteten Dispositionen der Bevölkerung und steht im Einklang mit Herrschaftsinteressen. Die Hilfevariante entspricht modernen Anforderungen an Individuen, entscheiden zu können. Die Fähigkeit, diesen Anforderungen genügen zu können, und die mit ihnen verbundene Delegation sozialer Kontrolle nach unten begründen jedoch keine individuelle Autonomie. zitiert von 5
-
(2000): Soziale Kontrolle. Zum Problem der Normkonformität in der Gesellschaft. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, Imprint
Abstract: Die zentralen Fragestellungen des Buches lauten: - Verharmlost der Begriff soziale Kontrolle Vorgänge sozialer Ausschließung? - Wie wird in der Gesellschaft versucht, Nonkonformität herzustellen? - Zum Verhältnis von Gesellschaftstheorie und sozialer Kontrolle. Beiträge einer Tagung, die die Deutsche Gesellschaft für Soziologie 1999 in Oldenburg zum Thema "Soziale Kontrolle" veranstaltet hat, werden dokumentiert. - Inhalt: (A) Konformitätsherstellung: Normalitätskontrolle oder soziale Ausschließung? (1) R. Kreissl: Soziale Kontrolle, Kriminalität und abweichendes Verhalten in zeitgenössischen Gesellschaften. Einige Überlegungen in gesellschaftstheoretischer Absicht. (2) H. Cremer-Schäfer und H. Steinert: Soziale Ausschließung und Ausschließungs-Theorien - Schwierige Verhältnisse. - (B) Erprobungen der Leistungsfähigkeit des Begriffs Soziale Kontrolle. (3) P. Franz: Wie weit trägt das Konzept "Soziale Kontrolle" bei der Analyse aktueller gesellschaftlicher Entwicklungstrends? Eine Diskussion anhand der These der gefährdeten Integrationsfunktion der Stadt. (4) C. Lüdemann: Normen, Sanktionen und soziale Kontrolle in der Theorie rationalen Handelns von James S. Coleman. (5) D. Nogala: Erscheinungs- und Begriffswandel von Sozialkontrolle eingangs des 21. Jahrhunderts. - (C) Plädoyer for konstruktivistische Analysen. (6) G. Löschper: Wie die Rechtspsychologie richterliches Handeln im Strafprozess analysiert - und wie sie es analysieren sollte. - (D) Erneute Verteidigung des Begriffs soziale Kontrolle. (7) S. Scheerer: "Soziale Kontrolle" - ein schöner Begriff für böse Dinge? zitiert von 7
-
(2000): Wesen der Intelligenz verraten. In: 0340-1677. Online verfügbar unter https://katalogplus.ub.uni-bielefeld.de/cgi-bin/new_titel.cgi?katkey=0142423 pdx&sprache=GER&bestand=extKeywords: Künstliche Intelligenz
-
(2000): Psychologie der Intelligenz. 10.. Stuttgart: Klett-CottaKeywords: Psychologie
-
(2000): Law and social norms. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Univ. Press
-
(2000): Paradigms of power. Social stigma versus situational status in dyadic interactions. In: Dissertation abstracts international. B. The sciences and engineering 61 (5-B)
Abstract: This dissertation investigates dynamics of dyadic interactions between members of stigmatized and nonstigmatized social groups (e.g., African Americans and Whites). The influence of interaction roles (e.g., interviewer, applicant, conversation partner) that signal individuals' relative situational status (i.e., high, low, equal) on these dyads was also examined. Particular combinations of structural factors (e.g., the demographic composition of the dyad) and functional factors (e.g., participants' interaction roles and goals) were expected to meaningfully influence the cognition, behavior, and affect of both members of stigmatized groups and members of nonstigmatized groups (see Chapter 1). Specifically, the present work explored the impact of three types of interactions that emerge from combinations of participants' situational status and the sociocultural status of their group memberships: (1) status-reversed, (2) status-congruent, and (3) equal-status. Members of stigmatized groups (African Americans and women) and nonstigmatized groups (Whites and men) were brought into the lab to participate in a dyadic interaction with an outgroup, member in one of three roles designed to signal their situational status (e.g., superior, subordinate or equal-status interaction partner). Participants' nonverbal behavior while communicating with their partners (Chapter 2), memory for individuating information regarding their partners (Chapter 3), and awareness of relevant social stereotypes (Chapter 4) were investigated. In addition, participants' attitudes regarding relevant sociocultural group memberships (i.e., race and gender) were assessed (Chapter 5). Consistent with previous research, results suggested that equal-status interactions with members of stigmatized groups were challenging for members of nonstigmatized groups. For instance, males behaved less comfortably during equal-status, cross-sex dyadic interactions, compared to interactions in which status was discrepant. Results also suggested that dyadic interactions with members of nonstigmatized groups, in which situational and sociocultural status were reversed, had profound influences on members of stigmatized groups. For example, African Americans behaved less comfortably and revealed heightened awareness of racial stereotypes during status-reversed, compared to status-congruent dyadic interactions. Hence, these findings suggest that sociocultural group memberships may serve as filters through which interaction roles and goals gain meaning, and, in turn, shape cognition, affect, and behavior during dyadic interactions between members of stigmatized and members of nonstigmatized social groups. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved) Document Type: Dissertation
Keywords: Kommunikation, Status -
(2000): The Darker and Brighter Sides of Human Existence: Basic Psychological Needs as a Unifying Concept. In: Psychological Inquiry 11 (4), S. 319-338. DOI: 10.1207/S15327965PLI1104_03
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327965PLI1104_03 Abstract: Responds to 11 comments (see records 2001-03012-002, 2001-03012-003, 2001-03012-004, 2001-03012-005, 2001-03012-006, 2001-03012-007, 2001-03012-008, 2001-03012-009, 2001-03012-010, 2001-03012-011, and 2001-03012-012) on E. L. Deci and R. M. Ryan's (see record 2001-03012-001) discussion of the self-determination theory (SDT) of motivation; the content and regulatory processes of goal pursuits; and innate psychological needs for competence, autonomy, and relatedness. Deci and Ryan address the following: the adequacy of SDT in accounting for the darker sides of human existence; SDT's eudaimonic view of well-being; the role individual differences in need strength and their critique of match hypotheses, why competence, autonomy, and relatedness were specified and other needs were not specified; issues concerning autonomy and integration within SDT and the relation of autonomy to approach and avoidance motivational systems; the interpretation and priority given to relatedness; and the social relevance of their findings.
-
(2000): Empathy. In: American Philosophical Quarterly 37 (1), S. 65-78
Abstract: Empathy, or roughly, "feeling with" another person, has fascinated philosophers as well as psychologists. Since empathy is frequently linked with altruistic motives and prosocial helping behavior, it seems to have implications for the quality of social life, as well as moral significance. What exactly is empathy, and how is it produced? Part I of this essay deals with the task of defining empathy. Part II addresses the separate question of explaining how it is generated. Part III concludes with a preliminary sketch of one way of thinking about empath's moral significance.
Keywords: Beeinflussung der Bewertung moralischer Urteile, Bewertung von sozialem Verhalten (/sozialer Angemessenheit), Disziplin, Empathie, Empathie als Spezifikum des Menschseins, Empathy, Moral, Moral und Kognition, moralische Dimension, Moralphilosophie, Observablen/Kriterien für sozial angemessenes Verhalten und dessen Bewertung, Pathologie, Philosophie