Alle Publikationen

  • Erweiterte Suche öffnen

Treffer: 2
  • <<
  • 1

  • 2017

  • Alessandri, Jérôme; Cançado, Carlos R. X.; Abreu-Rodrigues, Josele (2017): Effects of reinforcement value on instruction following under schedules of negative reinforcement. In: Behavioural Processes 145, S. 27-30. DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2017.10.003

    DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28993244 

    Abstract: The effects of reinforcement value and social control on instruction following under a negative-reinforcement (escape) schedule were studied. Initially, responding produced timeouts from pressing a force cell under a low and a high force requirement on a fixed-ratio 1 schedule of reinforcement. Next, participants were reexposed to the low and high force requirements, but were instructed that the experimenter expected them to decrease the number of timeouts relative to the previous exposures to the procedure. Even though following the instruction led to a decrease in number of timeouts and to an increase in effort (i.e., was non-efficient), instruction following occurred consistently for each participant and was modulated by reinforcement value. That is, the decrease in the number of timeouts (i.e., instruction following) was lower under the high force requirement than under the low force requirement. These results replicate and extend previous findings that instructions interact with social and nonsocial contingencies in controlling human behavior.

    Keywords: Animals, Association Learning, Attention, Interaktionsforschung, Male, Maze Learning, Motivation, Rats, Rats, Long-Evans, Reinforcement, Reinforcement (Psychology), Reinforcement Schedule, Retention (Psychology), Reward, Spatial Memory, Verhaltensforschung
  • McGill, Stuart; Buckley, Jude; Elliffe, Douglas; Corballis, Paul M. (2017): Choice predicts the feedback negativity. In: Psychophysiology 54 (12), S. 1800-1811. DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12961

    DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28752549 

    Abstract: Choosing the appropriate response given the circumstance is integral to all aspects of human behavior. One way of elucidating the mechanisms of choice is to relate behavior to neural correlates. Electrophysiological evidence implicates the ERP feedback-negativity (FN) and the P300 as promising neural correlates of reward processing, an integral component of learning. However, prior research has not adequately addressed how the development of a preference to select one option over another (choice preference) relates to the FN and the P300. We assessed whether variation in choice preference predicted the FN and P300 amplitude within subjects. We used a discrete-trials two-alternative choice procedure, where the reinforcer rate for each option was dependently scheduled by a concurrent variable interval. The reinforcer ratio for selecting each option was varied between sessions. Choice was quantified using both the generalized matching law sensitivity and the log odds of staying on the same versus switching to the other alternative (stay preference). The relationship between stay preference, FN, and P300 amplitudes was assessed using the innovative application of hierarchical Bayesian linear regression. The results demonstrate that stay preference was controlled by the reinforcer ratios and credibly predicted the FN amplitude but not P300 amplitude. The findings are consistent with the view that reinforcers may guide behavior by what they signal about future reinforcement, with the FN related to such a process.

    Keywords: Adult, Bayes Theorem, Brain/physiology, Choice Behavior/physiology, Electroencephalography, entscheiden, Event-Related Potentials, P300, Female, FN, hierarchy, Humans, Male, P300, Reinforcement Schedule, Reward, Young Adult
  • <<
  • 1