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  • 1998

  • Ardelt-Gattinger, Elisabeth; Lechner, Hans; Schlögl, Walter (1998): Gruppendynamik. In: Anspruch und Wirklichkeit der Arbeit in Gruppen. Göttingen: Verlag für Angewandte Psychologie

  • Ardelt-Gattinger, Elisabeth; Lechner, Hans; Schlögl, Walter (Hg.) (1998): Gruppendynamik. Anspruch und Wirklichkeit der Arbeit in Gruppen. Göttingen: Verl. für Angewandte Psychologie (Schriftenreihe Psychologie für das Personalmanagement)

  • Aschersleben, Gisa; Prinz, Wolfgang (1998): Timing in perception and action. Introductory remarks. In: Psychological research 61 (1), S. 1-3. DOI: 10.1007/PL00008160

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/PL00008160 

    Abstract: Introduces a special journal issue on timing in perception and action, based on presentations from the sixth workshop on Rhythm Perception and Production, held in Ohlstadt, Bavaria, Germany on September 8-11, 1996. A brief historical overview of research into time perception and temporal organization of behavior is followed by an outline discussion of the background of research into the perception and production of time intervals of a few seconds or less, such as in the perception and production of music. The papers presented deal with the influence on timing perception of onset and offset amplitude variation, stimulus duration, musical structures, active perception of rhythms, and timing expectations in music, with timekeeper-based and dynamic approaches to the timing of movements, and with the effect of practice on timing performance. zitiert von 1

  • Ayabe-Kanamura, S.; Schicker, I.; Laska, M.; Hudson, R.; Distel, H.; Kobayakawa, T.; Saito, S. (1998): Differences in Perception of Everyday Odors. A Japanese-German Cross-cultural Study. In: Chemical senses 23 (1), S. 31-38. DOI: 10.1093/chemse/23.1.31

    Abstract: There is a growing appreciation that experience with odors may strongly influence their perception. To further investigate this. the responses of 40 Japanese and 44 age-matched German women to everyday odorants were compared. Subjects were presented with 28 stimuli in squeeze bottles and asked to rate them according to intensity, familiarity, pleasantness and edibility, to describe associations elicited by them and, if possible, to name them. One-third of the odorants were presumed to be familiar to the Japanese only, one-third to the Germans and one-third to both populations. Significant differences were found between the two populations on all measures. Better performance by the Japanese in providing appropriate descriptors for 'Japanese' odorants and by the Germans for 'European' odorants supported the pre-selection of stimuli as culture-typical. Particularly clear differences between the two populations were found in pleasantness ratings. In general, a positive relationship was found between pleasantness and judgement of stimuli as edible, suggesting that culture-specific experiences-particularly of foods-may significantly influence odor perception. Somewhat unexpectedly, significant differences were also found between the two populations in intensity ratings for some odorants. These differences did not seem simply to be artefacts of the test situation and raise the possibility that experience may even influence such basic aspects of odor perception as stimulus intensity.

  • Balkin, J. M. (1998): Cultural software. A theory of ideology. New Haven, Conn.: Yale Univ. Press

    Abstract: In this book J. M. Balkin offers a strikingly original theory of cultural evolution, a theory that explains shared understandings, disagreement, and diversity within cultures. Drawing on many fields of study—including anthropology, evolutionary theory, cognitive science, linguistics, sociology, political theory, philosophy, social psychology, and law—the author explores how cultures grow and spread, how shared understandings arise, and how people of different cultures can understand and evaluate each other’s views. Cultural evolution occurs through the transmission of cultural information and know-how—"cultural software"—in human minds, Balkin says. Individuals embody cultural software and spread it to others through communication and social learning. Ideology, the author contends, is neither a special nor a pathological form of thought but an ordinary product of the evolution of cultural software. Because cultural understanding is a patchwork of older imperfect tools that are continually adapted to solve new problems, human understanding is partly adequate and partly inadequate to the pursuit of justice. Balkin presents numerous examples that illuminate the sources of ideological effects and their contributions to injustice. He also enters the current debate over multiculturalism, applying his theory to problems of mutual understanding between people who hold different worldviews. He argues that cultural understanding presupposes transcendent ideals and shows how both ideological analysis of others and ideological self-criticism are possible.

  • Beatty, Barbara (1998): From laws of learning to a science of values: Efficiency and morality in Thorndike's educational psychology.. In: American Psychologist, Vol 53(10), Oct, 1998.. DOI: 10.1037/0003-066X.53.10.1145

    DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.53.10.1145 

    Abstract: Edward L. Thorndike's educational psychology was the beginning of an American behavioristic tradition that sought efficient, scientific solutions to educational, moral, and social problems. Thorndike used empirical methodology to explain behavior, intellect, and character. After rejecting developmentalism, he combined laws of learning derived from his experiments on animals with quantitative measurement of individual differences in humans to construct a psychology of education. He applied this educational psychology commercially and developed many widely used tests and texts. Thorndike then proposed a science of values that he hoped might be used as a guide for moral assessment and social policy. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)

  • Becker Schmidt, Regina (1998): Relationalitat zwischen den Geschlechtern, Konnexionen im Geschlechterverhaltnis. In: Zeitschrift fur Frauenforschung 16 (3), S. 5-21

    Abstract: Ausgehend von der Feststellung, dass der Begriff des Geschlecherverhaltnisses zwar ein zentraler Terminus in der feministischen Theorie sowie in der Frauen- und Genderforschung ist, dass er dort aber nicht angemessen definiert ist, werden Uberlegungen zur genaueren begrifflichen Fassung von "Geschlechterverhaltnissen" angestellt. Eingegangen wird in diesem Zusammenhang auf die folgenden Punkte: (1) Unterscheidung der Begriffe "Relation", "Konnexion" und "Nexus", (2) der Begriff der Geschlechterordnungen, (3) der Begriff der Geschlechterbeziehung, (4) familiale geschlechtliche Arbeitsteilung und Paarbeziehung, (5) geschlechtliche Segregation in der Erwerbssphare, (6) die Verknotung bereichsspezifischer Genderbeziehungen und -ordnungen im Geschlechterverhaltnis, (7) der Zusammenhang von Geschlecht und Gesellschaft. zitiert von 49

  • Bierhoff, Hans-Werner (1998): Aggression und Gewalt. Phänomene Ursachen und Interventionen. Ärger, Aggression und Gerechtigkeit: Moralische Empörung und antisoziales Verhalten. Stuttgart [u.a.]: Kohlhammer

    Abstract: Der Zusammenhang zwischen Fairness bzw. Unfairness und aggressivem Verhalten wird vorgestellt. Die in der Psychologie bekannten Fairness-Regeln werden skizziert, und es wird gezeigt, dass Verletzungen dieser Regeln drei unterscheidbare Reaktionstypen auslösen: Ärger, Selbstabwertung, zunehmende Leistungsbereitschaft. Insbesondere der Zusammenhang zwischen Ärger und aggressivem Verhalten (im Kontext von Gerechtigkeit und Verantwortung) wird unter Bezugnahme auf empirische Daten behandelt. Im weiteren wird die Theorie der relativen Deprivation beschrieben, die sich mit dem Phänomen des Ärgers aufgrund steigender Erwartungen befasst und die einen Spezialfall wahrgenommener Unfairness darstellt. Abschließend wird diskutiert, ob die Auslösung von Ärger und Aggression durch Unfairness und Verletzung normativer Erwartungen eher soziobiologisch oder eher soziokulturell erklärt werden kann.

  • Bohleber, Werner (1998): Psychoanalyse, Kognitionsforschung, Neurobiologie. Stuttgart: Klett-Cotta (Psyche /Sonderheft])

  • Bringsjord, Selmer (1998): Computationalism is dead; now what?. In: Journal of Experimental & Theoretical Artificial Intelligence 10 (4), S. 393-402. DOI: 10.1080/095281398146662

    Abstract: In this paper I put Jim Fetzer's esemplastic burial of the computational conception of mind within the context of both my own burial and the theory of mind I would put in place of this dead doctrine. My view in a nutshell: Computationalism will yield Total Turing Test-passing zombies (in the philosopher's sense of ‘zombie’), but replicating persons will be unreachable for two reasons. Firstly, persons process information at a ‘super’-Turing level; secondly, people enjoy certain properties (e.g. intentionality) beyond the reach of any mere information-processing object. Accordingly, computationalism ought to be supplanted with the engineering of ‘subperson’ artifacts and the irreducibly philosophical investigation of personhood. I end with nascent appraisal of Fetzer's interesting semiotic/connectionist replacement for computationalism.

  • Brown, Erica. (1998): Things of the spirit: Spiritual, moral social and cultural development.. United Kingdom: Blackwell Publishing. Online verfügbar unter http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9604.00081, zuletzt geprüft am 25.04.2018

     

    Abstract: Discusses the role of the school in affirming the spiritual, moral, social, and cultural development of students. Every school has the opportunity and obligation to meet these needs of its students and to promote core values in its efforts to minister to the development of the whole person. The article concludes with a list of attributes of a 'good' school. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved) zitiert von: 13

  • Cashdan, Elizabeth (1998): Smiles, Speech, and Body Posture. How Women and Men Display Sociometric Status and Power. In: Journal of Nonverbal Behavior 22 (4), S. 209-228. DOI: 10.1023/A:1022967721884

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022967721884 

    Abstract: This study found that power and status have different effects on nonverbal behavior. Participants lived together for a term in ten member groups (50 women, 29 men) and rated their housemates on characteristics related to power (toughness and leadership) and sociometric status (popularity and being well-known). Smiling, arm and leg position, and total talking time were recorded in group discussions, one with housemates only and one with strangers included. Power, but not sociometric status, was associated with open-body postures in women and with frequency of talking in women and men. Smiling was unrelated to power and was positively correlated with sociometric status. Male body posture was more open, but women and men did not differ in frequency of talking or smiling.

  • Castelfranchi, Cristiano (1998): Modelling social action for AI agents. In: Artificial Intelligence 103 (1), S. 157-182. DOI: 10.1016/S0004-3702(98)00056-3

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0004-3702(98)00056-3 

    Abstract: In the new AI of the 90s an important stream is artificial social intelligence. In this work basic ontological categories for social action, structure, and mind are introduced. Sociality (social action, social structure) is let emerge from the action and intelligence of individual agents in a common world. Also some aspects of the way-down—how emergent collective phenomena shape the individual mind—are examined. First, interference and dependence are defined, and then different kinds of coordination (reactive versus anticipatory; unilateral versus bilateral; selfish versus collaborative) are characterised. “Weak social action”, based on beliefs about the mind of the other agents, and “strong social action”, based on goals about others' minds and their actions, are distinguished. Special attention is paid to Goal Delegation and Goal Adoption that are considered as the basic ingredients of social commitment and contract, and then of exchange, cooperation, group action, and organisation. Different levels of delegation and then of autonomy of the delegated agent are described; and different levels of goal-adoption are shown to characterise true collaboration. Social goals in the minds of the group members are argued to be the real glue of joint activity, and the notion of social commitment, as different from individual and from collective commitment, is underlined. The necessity for modelling social objective structures and constraints is emphasised and the “shared mind” view of groups and organisations is criticised. The spontaneous and unaware emergence of a dependence structure is explained, as well as its feedback on the participants' minds and behaviours. Critical observations are presented on current confusions such as that between “social” and “collective” action, or between communication and social action. The main claims of the paper are the following: (a) The real foundation of all sociality (cooperation, competition, groups, organisation, etc.) is the individual social action and mind. One cannot reduce or connect action at the collective level to action at the individual level unless one passes through the social character of the individual action, (b) Important levels of coordination and cooperation necessarily require minds and cognitive agents (beliefs, desires, intentions, etc.). (c) However, cognition, communication and agreement are not enough for modelling and implementing cooperation: emergent pre-cognitive structures and constraints should be formalised, and emergent forms of cooperation are needed also among planning and deliberative agents, (d) We are going towards a synthetic paradigm in AI and Cognitive Science, reconciling situatedness and plans, reactivity and mental representations, cognition, emergence and self-organisation.

  • Christmann, U.; Sladek, U.; Groeben, N. (1998): Der Einfluß personaler und interaktiver Kontextinformationen auf die Diagnose und Bewertung argumentativer (Un-)Integrität. In: Sprache & Kognition 17 (3), S. 107-124

    Abstract: Starting with the empirically well established assumption that the evaluation of an argument as unfair requires the presence of an argumentational rule violation as well as some degree of intentionality (two basic components of the unfairness verdict), we tested in two quasi-experimental designs, if and how selected context variables modify the weight of an (un-)fairness evaluation (attribution of intentionality and guilt). Our results show that the conditions "excuses" and "no excuses", "good intents" and "bad intents" "high competence (of the speaker)" and "low competence" proved to be most effective. On a more general level our study gives evidence that the evaluation of argumentational (un-)fairness depends on the two basic components as long as no further context variables are present. If, however, context variables become salient, the (un-)fairness evaluations are modified in a guilt-increasing or guilt-decreasing manner.

  • Cocking, Dean; Kennett, Jeanette (1998): Friendship and the Self. In: Ethics 108 (3), S. 502-527. DOI: 10.1086/233824
  • Corbitt, J. N. (1998): Global awareness profile. Yarmouth, Me: Intercultural Press
  • Dautenhahn, Kerstin (1998): THE ART OF DESIGNING SOCIALLY INTELLIGENT AGENTS. SCIENCE, FICTION, AND THE HUMAN IN THE LOOP. In: Applied Artificial Intelligence 12 (7-8), S. 573-617. DOI: 10.1080/088395198117550

    Abstract: In this article, socially intelligent agents (SIAs) are understood to be agents that do not only from an observer point of view behave socially but that are able to recognize and identify other agents and establish and maintain relationships to other agents. The process of building SIAs is influenced by what the human as the designer considers "social," and conversely, agent tools that are behaving socially can influence human conceptions of sociality. A cognitive technology (CT) approach toward designing SIAs affords an opportunity to study the process of (1) how new forms of interactions and functionalities and use of technology can emerge at the human-tool interface, (2) how social agents can constrain their cognitive and social potential, and (3) how social agent technology and human (social) cognition can co-evolve and co-adapt and result in new forms of sociality. Agent-human interaction requires a cognitive fit between SIA technology and the human-in-the-loop as designer of, user of, and participant in social interactions. Aspects of human social psychology, e.g., storytelling, empathy, embodiment, and historical and ecological grounding, can contribute to a believable and cognitively well-balanced design of SIA technology in order to further the relationship between humans and agent tools. It is hoped that approaches to believability based on these concepts can avoid the "shallowness" chat merely takes advantage of the anthropomorphizing tendency in humans. This approach is put into the general framework of Embodied Artificial Life (EAL) research. The article concludes with a terminology and list of guidelines useful for SIA design.

  • Ebrecht, Angelika; Wöll, Andreas (Hg.) (1998): Psychoanalyse, Politik und Moral. Tübingen: Edition diskord (Perspektiven : Forschungsbeiträge zu Geschichtswissenschaft, Pädagogik, Philosophie, Psychologie, Psychotherapie und Soziologie)

    Abstract: Verbindungen zwischen Psychoanalyse, Politik und Moral werden behandelt. Dabei wird versucht, aktuelle Kontroversen über den normativen Maßstab demokratischer Gesellschaften auf psychoanalytische Moralkonzeptionen zu beziehen. Der mögliche Beitrag der Psychoanalyse zu einer modernen (weder religiös noch metaphysisch begründeten) Theorie der Moral wird erörtert. Es wird diskutiert, ob eine psychoanalytische Kritik einen kategorial anders gefassten Begriff von Moral hervorbringen kann als etwa diskursethische, liberale oder kommunitaristische Ansätze. Darüber hinaus wird der Frage nachgegangen, wie sich eine allgemeine, überindividuell begründete Moral auf die individuelle psychische Moralentwicklung beziehen läßt. - Inhalt: (A) Moralpsychologie und Kulturtheorie. (1) G. Schmid Noerr: Inwiefern sich das Moralische nicht von selbst versteht. Ethik und Psychoanalyse. (2) A. Ebrecht: Das Selbst als moralische Norm. Individuelle Moralentwicklung und ihr gesellschaftlicher Geltungsanspruch. (3) L. van Gisteren: Zur Genealogie der Moral bei Habermas und Freud. (4) H.-J. Busch: Spätmoderne Gesellschaft und libidinöse, postkonventionelle Moral. (5) A. Wöll: Zum moraltheoretischen Bedeutungsgehalt der behandlungstechnischen Schriften Freuds. - (B) Mythos, Religion, Kunst und Philosophie. (6) H. Gekle: Kulturmythen - Der Prometheus des Sigmund Freud. (7) M. Brumlik: Freuds Religionskritik und die Theorie der Moral. (8) G. Hardtmann: Kulturweltbürger und Moral. Zum Problem des säkularen/religiösen Fundamentalismus.(9) S. Scharnowski: Ein Rest, der nicht aufgeht - Vom moralischen Nutzen der Phantasie in der Literatur und in der psychoanalytischen Kur. (10) K. Laermann: Derealisierung und Grandiosität - Probleme antisozialer Moral. - (C) Psychoanalyse und Moralentwicklung. (11) L. Gast: Der Beitrag Melanie Kleins zu einer Psychologie der Moral. Einige Ansatzpunkte. (12) E. Rövekamp: Das Grauen vor dem Weib. Psychoanalytische Anmerkungen zum Verhältnis von Ekel, Differenz und Moral. (13) M. Kettner: Normative Moralphilosophie und empirische Moralpsychologie. (14) U. Kobbé: Zwischen Kant und de Sade - Die Ethik des Begehrens als politische Haltung. (15) W. Gottschalch: Mit skeptischem Blick. zitiert von: 2

  • Franck, Georg (1998): Ökonomie der Aufmerksamkeit. Ein Entwurf. München: Hanser

    Abstract: Georg Franck hat eine neue Ökonomie entdeckt, die mit der Ökonomie des Geldes konkurriert: die Ökonomie der Aufmerksamkeit, die nach den gleichen Gesetzen funktioniert. Aufmerksamkeit, die uns entgegengebracht wird, lässt sich verzinsen, und wer die höchste Stufe der Aufmerksamkeit erreicht hat, kann seine Kinder beerben. Aber diese Ökonomie zieht, wie jede andere, soziale Konsequenzen nach sich. Also beschließt Franck seinen Entwurf mit dem Grundriss der Ethik der Aufmerksamkeit.

  • Garner, A. (1998): Narrative analysis of sexual etiquette in teenage magazines. In: Journal of Communication 48 (4), S. 59-78. DOI: 10.1093/joc/48.4.59

    Abstract: Expanding on existing research on women's magazines, this essay examines the sexual etiquette developed in advice columns in magazines popular among teenage women. Over a span of 20 years, the advice has changed very little. Serving the rhetorical function of field guides and training manuals, teen magazines limit women's sociality and sexuality within narrowly defined heterosexual norms and practices. The rhetoric of sexual etiquette encourages young women to be sex objects and teachers of interpersonal communication rather than lovers, friends, and partners. Young women are being taught to subordinate self for others and to be contained.

  • Hammer, Mitchell; Bennett, Milton (1998): The intercultural development inventory (IDI) manual.. Portland: Intercultural communication Institute

  • Hennersdorf, Susan (1998): Aufstiegsdiskriminierung von Frauen durch Mitarbeiterbeurteilungen. Wiesbaden, Germany: Deutscher Universitätsverlag

    Abstract: Unterschiedliche Verfahren der Mitarbeiterbeurteilung in Organisationen wurden im Hinblick auf die Aufstiegsdiskriminierung von Frauen analysiert. Es zeigt sich, dass die Ursachen der Diskriminierung und damit der beruflichen Benachteiligung von Frauen nicht nur in den Beurteilungsverfahren, sondern auch in dem Selbstverständnis von Organisationen liegen. - Inhalt: (1) Ein himmelstürmender Abflug: Problemstellung und seine Relevanz sowie Zielsetzungen, Vorgehensweise und Aufbau der Arbeit. (2) Methodisch-begriffliche Grundlagen (Ungleichheit versus Diskriminierung; Aufstieg; Aufstiegsdiskriminierung; Mitarbeiterbeurteilung). (3) Analyseraster (Immanente Sortierung; organisationstheoretische Systematisierung). (4) Mitarbeiterbeurteilung in traditioneller Perspektive (Eckpfeiler; traditionelle Problemfelder; traditionelles Diskriminierungspotential; traditionelle Anti-Diskriminierungsmaßnahmen; Paralyse durch Analyse; organisationstheoretische Würdigung der traditionellen Mitarbeiterbeurteilung). (5) Mitarbeiterbeurteilung in politischer Perspektive (Eckpfeiler; politische Problemfelder; politisches Diskriminationspotential; politische Anti-Diskriminationsmaßnahmen; individualistischer Reduktionismus; organisationstheoretische Würdigung der politischen Mitarbeiterbeurteilung). (6) Resumée und Implikationen. (7) Die institutionalistische Perspektive (Begriffliche Grundlagen; das institutionalistische Modell; Mitarbeiterbeurteilung in institutionalistischer Interpretation; Institutionalisierte Mitarbeiterbeurteilung und Aufstiegsdiskrimination). (8) Eine gedämpfte Landung: Zusammenfassung und kritische Würdigung der Ergebnisse sowie Abgang.

  • Horn, Elizabeth M.; Collier, William G.; Oxford, Julie A.; Bond, Charles F., JR.; Dansereau, Donald F. (1998): Individual differences in dyadic cooperative learning. In: Journal of Educational Psychology 90 (1), S. 153-161. DOI: 10.1037/0022-0663.90.1.153
  • Jary, Mark (1998): Relevance theory and the communication of politeness. In: Journal of Pragmatics 30 (1), S. 1-19. DOI: 10.1016/S0378-2166(98)80005-2

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-2166(98)80005-2 

    Abstract: Abstract Studies of linguistic politeness have traditionally assumed a Gricean norm-based approach to communication. On this view, instances of the use of polite forms and/or strategies necessarily communicate a message above and beyond the one that motivates the communicative act. The problems raised by this position are discussed and an alternative Relevance Theoretic account of polite verbal behaviour is proposed. This provides a far more fine-grained picture of politeness which (a) provides an alternative …

  • Juen, Barbara (1998): Kann man von einem erzähltheoretischen Standpunkt aus gültige moralische Normen definieren?. In: Psychologie und Gesellschaftskritik 22 (1)

    Abstract: Es wird der Versuch unternommen, zwei Forschungstraditionen zur moralischen Entwicklung einander gegenüberzustellen. Dabei wird vor allem das Problem erörtert, wie eine Unterscheidung zwischen mehr oder weniger gültigen moralischen Normen getroffen werden kann. Von der einen Tradition aus, die L. Kohlberg folgt, ist die Vernunft als eine höhere Autorität das wesentliche Entscheidungskriterium. Diese führt laut Kohlberg zu einer Moral, die auf dem Prinzip der Gerechtigkeit beruht. Der erzähltheoretische Ansatz hingegen betrachtet den Diskurs als das entscheidende Validitätskriterium für moralische Normen. Genauer gesagt ist es das Prinzip der Beantwortbarkeit, das dazu führt, dass Normen im Diskurs verhandelt werden müssen und dass Abweichungen von der Norm oder Änderungen von Normen in diesem begründet werden müssen. Erzählungen werden als die spezifische Art und Weise, in der Sprache moralische Erfahrungen formt, betrachtet. Anhand einiger Beispiele aus einer empirischen Längsschnittstudie wird gezeigt, wie dieses Prinzip im Alltagsdiskurs funktioniert.

    Keywords: Moral, Normen